APP 002 2ndAT

Position Paper

It is a paper that shows people's views and sentiments

"Argumentative paper" or "Manifesto"

Position Paper is also called an

Position Paper

It is an essay that presents a person's or group's position or stand on a particular issue

Issue(Also called controversy)

an idea or question in which people are divided.

T

A topic is an issue if people have different points of view on the matter. T or F?

Thesis(Also called claim)

A statement that expresses your stand or position on an issue.

Thesis(Also called claim)

This expresses how you feel about the issue: are you in favor or against it? Or somewhere between?

Reason(Also called Arguments)

Thus, the writer needs to state the reasons to explain to the reader why his or her position is logical, acceptable, and believable

Support

these are evidence or ideas to substantiate the reasons.

Facts
Comparisons
Examples

Supports is classified into the following types:

Facts

figures and the writer's observations from scholarly studies

Examples

real-life demonstration of an idea

Comparisons

similarities or differentiation between two ideas, concepts, or situations

Opposing viewpoints or counter

arguments that oppose.

Argument

explains why a claim is correct and believable.

Argument

It is usually a generalization that is made based on supporting evidence such as facts, comparisons, examples, and the writer's experiences

Argument from transitivity-

This involves three terms associated through the process of classification.

Argument from transitivity

In this type of argument, two classification statements serve as premises which then serve as the basis for the argument, presented in the form of a conclusion as A is B; B is C; thus, A is C.

Argument from incompatibility

this argument presents two contradictory choices, such that the choice of one means exclusion of the other. Thus: if A is something, it cannot be B; if it is B, it cannot be A; A and B cannot be Combined, they are incompatible

Argument from reciprocity

This argument says that individuals and situations that can be put together under the same category should be treated the same way.

Argument from comparison

this argues that two situations will have the same outcome because of the similarities between these situations.

Argument from generalization

we can use one member of a population to make conclusions about the entire population

Argument from example

instead of using only one member as a basis. In this argument, you use a group of examples- as a sample. From that population serves as your basis.

Argument from cause

Posits that A is caused by B, which means, that the presence of A (cause) will mean the presence of B(effect).

Strong and Weak cause

Two types of causes

Strong cause

the occurrence of the cause guarantees the existence of the effect.

Weak cause

the occurrence of the cause is necessary for the effect to occur.

Argument from Sign

Uses a sign or indicator X to argue for the existence of Y.

Appeal to Common Folk-

The persuasion is done by pointing out that a person is no different from ordinary people, or, that a product or idea is something that ordinary people would purchase or support.

False Authority

a type of false reasoning in which a person speaks as expert on something on which he or she has no expertise

Name calling / Ad Hominem

uses labels with negative meanings to cast one's opponent in a bad light.

Association

This is done by creating a link between one thing or idea and another one that people have a positive or negative feelings for.

survey

a data collection method that involves asking a selected group of people questions. Thus, a survey report is an objective and systematic written presentation of the goals and findings of a survey.

Survey Report

an objective and systematic written presentation of the goals and findings of a survey

1. Introduction

Introduce your survey report by presenting the reason for conducting your survey and your objectives. Make sure to cite any information taken from the source.

Try to capture readers' right away
Introduce the relevant literature
Introduce the present study

Guidelines in writing an Introduction

Try to capture the readers' interest right away.

- You might want to introduce your topic by posing an interesting question. In this opening paragraph, do NOT use jargon

Introduce the relevant literature

In the next few paragraphs, discuss previous literature that can speak to your question. Conceptually define all your terms when you first introduce them. Discuss findings or theories that are relevant to your question. This will be the longest section of the introduction. You should organize this section of your paper in such a way that you logically build to your study.

Introduce the present study

The reader should have been able to predict you were going to examine the variables you discuss here from the reasoning you laid out in #2. Go ahead and use the past tense as though you have already done this research.

Procedures

This section reports the procedures involved in the survey. Including details such as
1. Description of the respondents,

2. Description of the survey instruments

Description of the survey instruments:

Development of the questionnaire: Was it adopted from prev. Study? Was it developed by the researchers? Was it modified from a prev. ver.?

Details of pilot tests done to refine the questionnaire
Number of questions (ex: Mult. choice, open-ended)

Amount of time it took to answer the questionnaire

Determine the purpose
Decide what you are measuring
Decide the appropriate population to be studied/questioned
Choose measurement scale and scoring
Title the questionnaire

Guidelines for the procedures:

Determine the purpose

are also used to measure the difference in status "before" and "after" to determine changes that may be attributed to an educational program. Before creating a questionnaire, start by asking yourself a few important questions:

What do I need to know?
Why do I need to know it?
What will happen as a result of this questionnaire?
Can I get the information from existing sources instead of conducting a survey?

Decide what you are measuring

As with determining the purpose, this should be based on the objectives of your educational program and the evaluation of its outcomes and impact. Consider which of the following you are aiming to measure: attitude, knowledge, goals, intentions, aspirations, behaviors and practices.

Decide the appropriate population to be studied/questioned-

What is the appropriate population (group of people/ subjects) to be studied or questioned?
Should a census or sampling be used?
For whom do the results apply?

Choose measurement scale and scoring

Use scales that provide the information needed and are appropriate for respondents. Some choices are:

Fixed-response
Yes-No
True-False
Multiple Choice
Agree-Disagree

Title the questionnaire

This will let the respondent know what it's about.
Purpose of the study (one sentence or phrase)

Consider including a simple graphic that depicts the purpose of the evaluation or program

Description of the respondents

Parts of descriptions of procedure involved in a survey

Description of the Respondents

Here you give a concise description of the characteristics of the population/sample population such as average age, nationality, gender, etc. (any other description that is helpful in your study). Also, you have to state the number of the respondents as well as the criteria used in selecting the respondents. The criteria for selection should be clearly stated in this section for it will tell your readers that your respondents were not just a product of random selection; but instead picked using the criteria making them a valid source of information.

Description of the survey instruments

Here you provide a description of your survey instrument may it be survey questionnaire, mobile application app, etc. Also, you need to state whether the survey instrument was adapted from previous research; adapted, but modified to fit for the context of your study; or developed/created by you. If you have tested the survey instrument for manageability and validity, you can also include the description of that event in this section. Moreover, the number of questions and kinds of questions (yes-no, true-false, multiple choice, scale, etc.) in the survey instrument should also be written in this section. If you are not sure about the number of samples you need you to have in order for the results of your survey to be valid, this online survey-sample-size calculator can help: http://fluidsurveys.com/university/survey-sample-size-calculator/. Mention as well the amount of time it took for respondents to answer the entire survey instrument.