APUSH Unit 3: 1754 - 1800

● Shayss Rebellion

________, an uprising of Revolutionary War veterans in Massachusetts that both the state and national governments struggled to address due to a lack of centralized military power, illustrated the need to create a stronger governing system.

APUSH Unit

________ 3: 1754- 1800 The Seven Years 'War (The French and Indian War) ● British vs French and Indians ● The French and Indian War was a smaller conflict in America in a larger, global conflict between the British and the French called the Seven Years War ● Territorial disputes in Ohio River Valley caused war to begin in 1754 ○ British American colonists were encroaching on territory in the Ohio River Valley that the French had claimed ○ George Washington was a lieutenant colonel in the Virginia militia and was sent to warn the French of encroaching on British territory, the French commander rebuffed him ○ The same French commander took control of the British Fort Duquesne in PA, which Washington led a surprise attack on the fort in 1754 and got it back, and then the French got it back again ● The Albany Congress met to discuss a more organized colonial response to frontier defense, trade, and westward expansion and invited delegates from the Iroquois Confederacy in hopes of an alliance ○ Ben Franklin introduced the Albany Plan of Union in which the colonies would establish a council of representatives to decide on the aforementioned issues (frontier defense, trade, and westward expansion) ■ Rejected because of taxation, but laid foundation for Continental Congress ● War began in 1756 and the French took the lead ● British enacted policies unpopular with American colonists (impressment and troop quartering) ● British King George was concerned at the cost of the war, so he opened peace negotiations with the French and the war ended in 1763 with the signing of the Peace of Paris ○ Spain ceded Florida to the British ○ French exiled from North America and Spanish given control of former French lands west of Mississippi ○ Land east of Mississippi (i.e.

Supremacy Clause

○ The ________ in Article VI states that federal law is superior to state law, but only enumerated powers of Congress explicitly stated in Article I Section 8 of the Constitution fell under this category.

Constitutional Convention

The ________ and debates over ratification ● Due to the shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation, delegates from the states met in 1787 for the ________ in Philadelphia, with an original intent to revise the Articles but the end actual end result of creating a new Constitution with a stronger federal government ○ The Virginia Plan suggested a bicameral legislature with the number of representatives in both houses determined by population, benefitting larger states.

APUSH Unit 3

1754-1800 The Seven Years' War (The French and Indian War) ● British vs French and Indians ● The French and Indian War was a smaller conflict in America in a larger, global conflict between the British and the French called the Seven Years War ● Territorial disputes in Ohio River Valley caused war to begin in 1754 ○ British American colonists were encroaching on territory in the Ohio River Valley that the French had claimed ○ George Washington was a lieutenant colonel in the Virginia militia and was sent to warn the French of encroaching on British territory, the French commander rebuffed him ○ The same French commander took control of the British Fort Duquesne in PA, which Washington led a surprise attack on the fort in 1754 and got it back, and then the French got it back again ● The Albany Congress met to discuss a more organized colonial response to frontier defense, trade, and westward expansion and invited delegates from the Iroquois Confederacy in hopes of an alliance ○ Ben Franklin introduced the Albany Plan of Union in which the colonies would establish a council of representatives to decide on the aforementioned issues (frontier defense, trade, and westward expansion) ■ Rejected because of taxation, but laid foundation for Continental Congress ● War began in 1756 and the French took the lead ● British enacted policies unpopular with American colonists (impressment and troop quartering) ● British King George was concerned at the cost of the war, so he opened peace negotiations with the French and the war ended in 1763 with the signing of the Peace of Paris ○ Spain ceded Florida to the British ○ French exiled from North America and Spanish given control of former French lands west of Mississippi ○ Land east of Mississippi (i.e

Ohio River Valley) given to British ● Two main consequences of French and Indian War

○ Available land in Ohio River Valley pushed British American colonists westward, which intensified conflicts with natives → Native American leader Pontiac lead raids against British military forts → Britain, fearful of raids, established the Proclamation Line of 1763 which forbade colonists from migrating west past the Appalachian mountains and settling in the Ohio River valley → American ignored British, thought land was fought at their expense and they deserved spoils of war ○ The war was expensive, British national debt doubled, cost of running colonies increased → British raised taxes on American colonies Taxation without representation ● Salutary neglect -Britains decision to leave many of the day to day decisions of colonial rule to the colonists ○ Navigation Acts restricted trade of colonies to British ships and merchants but Britain didnt enforce this law and colonists found ways to evade it (smuggling/illegal trade) ○ Led British American colonists to think they were more independent while Britain thought they were less ● To retain control of colonies for monetary purposes, British Prime Minister George Grenville invented three-point plan ○ Stricter enforcement of current laws like Navigation Acts ○ Extend wartime provisions into peacetime ○ Quartering Act of 1756 -kept British soldiers stationed in colonies, colonists response for food and housing ● The Sugar Act imposed taxes on luxury items and enforced existing taxes on molasses ● The Stamp Act imposed a tax on all paper items produced in colonies ● Currency Act prohibited colonists from printing their own currency ○ British wanted more money but also was restricting money supply ● Rising taxes especially pejorative because Americans experiencing declining wages and rising unemployment ● Sparked colonial debate over whether it was right to impose taxes on colonists who had no representation in Parliament (no taxation without representation) ○ Idea of natural rights from Enlightenment ● British claimed colonists had virtual representation (representatives in Parliament represented interests not locations) ● The Sons and Daughters of Liberty and Vox Populi retaliated against unfair British laws especially the Stamp Act ● The Stamp Act Congress aka Continental Congress in 1765 wanted Britain to repeal the stamp act because of taxation without representation would culminate to tyranny ○ Still willing loyal subjects of Britain ● As a result, the British Parliament repealed both the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act in 1766 but passed the Declaratory Act saying they had the right to pass whatever colonial laws they wanted ● In 1767, the Townshend Acts were passed to tax imported items like paper, tea, and glass ○ In response, colonists organized in highly organized protests to boycott these goods ○ United all colonists; women especially motivated ● In The Boston Massacre of 1770, young boys began harassing British soldiers by throwing snowballs and rocks, someone fired a gun, and British soldiers fired their own guns in the crowd, leaving eleven colonists shot and four dead ○ Soldiers put on trial, defended by John Adams, and successfully defended these men ○ Regardless, colonists were beyond furious ● The Tea Act of 1773 was a tax on tea and provided Britain exclusive rights to buy and ship tea to the colonies ● This led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773, in which 50 members of the Sons of Liberty disguised themselves of Indians and dumped 45 tons of British tea into Boston harbor ● Parliament then passed the Intolerable Acts ○ Coercive Acts of 1774 which closed down the Boston Harbor until the tea was paid for ○ Another quartering act ● Colonists began to form militias for protection Philosophical foundations of the American Revolution ● Colonists wanted Britain to repeal the tax laws, not necessarily form a new form nation ● In 1774, delegates met for the Continental Congress in 1774 discussed what colonists should do about Britains increasing tyranny and how to protect their liberty ○ Revolution was not the answer ● Britain ended hopes of reconciliation by saying that they would not negotiate with the colonies and claimed colonies were rebelling against their rightful authority ○ Olive Branch Petition ● The Enlightenment gave the colonists theses unprecedented ideas of liberty ● John Locks "Two Treatises of Government" advanced the idea of the consent of the government, natural rights, and self-rule via elected representatives (unlike hereditary rule in Britain) ● Jean-Jacques Rousseau who advanced the social contract theory (people give up some of their power to a government if that government will protect the peoples natural rights) ● Montesquieu who led colonists to believe that republic government was the best to preserve liberty and also advocated separation of powers/checks and balances ● Common Sense by Thomas Paine was published in 1776 and used common jargon to argue for independence from Britain, used biblical analogies to show the folly of monarchy, spread Enlightenment ideas to common people ○ Changed opinion of the masses ● When the Second Continental Congress met in 1776 a formal resolution for independence was put on the floor and Thomas Jefferson was tasked with composing the Declaration of Independence ● On July 2, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was accepted by delegates and it was made public on July 4, 1776 The American Revolution ● The Patriot Cause was embodied by the Second Continental Congress and encouraged by Common Sense ● 1/3 of colonists wanted to stay neutral, 1/3 were patriots who wanted independence, and 1/3 were loyalists who wanted to remain under British control ● George Washington was appointed by the Continental Congress to be the general of the Continental Army ● The Battles of Lexington and Concord, fought on April 19, 1775, were the first military clashes of the American Revolutionary War

Judiciary Act of 1789

This act fully described the federal court system, placing the supreme court at the highest level and designating the role of the chief justice.

Assumption of Debt

This policy by Alexander Hamilton ensured that all debt incurred during the revolutionary war would be paid at par and that the federal government would assume the debt of the states, therefore uniting the states and the rich under the federal government.

National Bank

This controversial bank was opposed by Thomas Jefferson in that creating this bank was not within the rights of the national government because it was not outlined in the constitution, while Alexander Hamilton argued that the bank was necessary and proper and therefore constitutional. Ultimately, George Washington agreed to create this institution with would have the US Government be the chief stockholder in this bank, providing a place to deposit revenue and stimulate business. This bank was chartered for 20 years in 1791. First Term of George Washington.

Whiskey Rebellion

This rebellion during Washington's first term occurred because frontier farmers were harmed by the excise tax, so they rebelled against tax collectors. Washington summoned a militia of 13,000 troops who were able to easily squash the rebellion without firing a shot, which reaffirmed the need for a strong, central government with a standing army in the eyes of the elite. First Term of George Washington.

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

This proclamation stated that the United States was neutral and would trade with everyone, being notable in that it set the precedent for presidents to avoid war at all costs. Second Term of George Washington

New Jersey Plan

This plan for representation called for an unicameral legislature with equal representation

Virginia Plan

This plan for representation called for a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in both houses.

3/5 Compromise

Slaves were counted as 3/5 of a person

Ft. McHenry

This battle in 1813 on Lake Eerie saw the victory of American Oliver Hazard Perry and his fleet against the British, and was one of the earliest victories of the War of 1812.