AP Psych Cognition Part II

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Description and Tags

Modules 34-36

39 Terms

1

cognition

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information

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2

concepts

mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, and people

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3

prototypes

a mental image or best example of a category

ex: robins vs penguins

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4

creativity

the ability to produce ideas that are both new and valuable

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5

convergent thinking

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

ex: intelligence tests

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6

divergent thinking

expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)

ex: creativity tests

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7

5 components of creativity

expertise, imaginative thinking skills, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, creative environment

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8

expertise

a well-developed base of knowledge furnishes ideas, iamges, and phrases used as mental building blocks

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9

imaginative thinking skills

provides the ability to see things in new ways, recognize patterns, and make connections

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10

venturesome personality

seeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguity and risk, and perserveres in overcoming obstacles

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11

intrinsic motivation

being driven by interest, satisfaction, and challenge

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12

creative environment

sparks, supports, and refines creative ideas

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13

algorithms

step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution

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14

heuristics

simpler thinking strategies

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15

insight

sudden realization of a problem’s solution

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16

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

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17

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem with a mindset of what has worked previously

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18

intuition

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

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19

representative heuristic

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

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20

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind

ex: casinos make small wins more memorable than big losses to entice gamblers

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21

overconfidence

the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgements

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22

belief perserverance

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

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23

framing

the way an issue is presented; sways decisions and judgements

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24

language

our written, spoken, or signed words, and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

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25

phonemes

the smallest distinctive sound units in a language

ex: ch, a, t

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26

morphemes

the smallest units that carry meaning in a given language

ex: s (plural), prefixes, words

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27

grammar

the system of rules that enables us to communicate with one another

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28

receptive language

the ability to comprehend language that you can hear or read

(babies are able by 4 months old)

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29

productive language

the ability to produce words

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30

babbling stage

the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters different sounds unrelated to the household language

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31

one-word stage

when a child speaks mostly in single words (1yo-2yo)

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32

two-word stage

mostly two-word statements

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33

telegraphic speech

mostly nouns and verbs

ex: “terms accepted”

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34

Noam Chomsky

all languages share some basic elements; universal grammar; parts of speech - nouns, verbs, adjectives

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35

critical period

period where babies have the ability to master any language

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36

aphasia

impairment of language; can result from damage to any of several cortical areas

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37

Broca’s Area

an area of the left frontal lobe that controls language expression; struggle to speak without

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38

Wernicke’s Area

an area of the left temporal lobe that controls language reception; speak only meaningless words without

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39

linguistic determinism

Benjamin Lee Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think (this hypothesis is too extreme because people can think of nameless things, but language does influence our thinking)

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