Cellular Respiration Overview

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These flashcards cover key concepts, processes, and terms related to cellular respiration, including glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

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58 Terms

1
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What is cellular respiration?

The process by which cells extract energy from food and convert it into ATP.

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What is ATP?

Adenosine Triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell.

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What does the law of conservation of energy state?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

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What are the three main parts of ATP?

Three phosphate groups, ribose, and adenine.

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What happens when ATP is broken down?

It releases energy and converts to ADP and a phosphate.

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What is phosphorylation?

The process of adding a phosphate group to ADP to regenerate ATP.

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What is glucose metabolism?

The process of extracting energy from food to produce ATP.

8
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Define autotrophs.

Organisms that make their own food using sunlight, such as plants and algae.

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Define heterotrophs.

Organisms that cannot make food and must consume other organisms.

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How much energy passes to the next level of a food chain?

Only about 10% of energy passes to the next level; the rest is lost as heat.

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What is a redox reaction?

A chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons, combining oxidation and reduction.

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What is oxidation?

The loss of electrons from a molecule.

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What is reduction?

The gain of electrons by a molecule.

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What role do electron carriers play in cellular respiration?

They transport high-energy electrons, such as NAD+ and FAD.

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What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

The direct transfer of a phosphate to ADP to form ATP; occurs in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

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What is oxidative phosphorylation?

ATP generation that involves the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.

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What occurs during glycolysis?

converted into 2 pyruvate, producing a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

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Where does glycolysis take place?

In the cytoplasm.

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What are the inputs and outputs of glycolysis?

Input: 1 glucose, 2 ATP; Output: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP (net gain 2 ATP).

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What happens during the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

Two ATP are used to add phosphate groups to glucose, preparing it for breakdown.

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What happens during the energy payoff phase of glycolysis?

Production of 2 NADH and 4 ATP with a net gain of 2 ATP and formation of pyruvate.

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What occurs in pyruvate oxidation?

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA, releasing CO₂ and producing NADH.

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Where does pyruvate oxidation take place?

In the mitochondria.

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What are the inputs and outputs of pyruvate oxidation?

Input: 2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 CoA; Output: 2 acetyl-CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO₂.

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What is the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)?

A series of chemical reactions in the mitochondrial matrix that convert acetyl-CoA into CO₂, NADH, FADH2, and ATP.

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How many times does the Krebs Cycle run per glucose?

Twice, since each glucose produces 2 acetyl-CoA.

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What are the main products of the Citric Acid Cycle per glucose?

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4 CO₂.

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What is the total ATP produced from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

4 ATP (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the Krebs cycle).

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What happens during oxidative phosphorylation?

ATP is produced using the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.

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What is the role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation?

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, forming water.

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How is the proton gradient created in the electron transport chain?

Protons are pumped into the intermembrane space as electrons move through the complexes.

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What is chemiosmosis?

The process where protons flow back through ATP synthase to produce ATP.

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What is the range of ATP yield from oxidative phosphorylation?

30 to 36 ATP per glucose.

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What is fermentation?

A metabolic process that regenerates NAD+ in the absence of oxygen.

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What occurs during lactic acid fermentation?

Pyruvate is converted to lactate, regenerating NAD+.

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Where does lactic acid fermentation occur?

In muscle cells and some bacteria.

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What is alcohol fermentation?

A process where pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO₂, regenerating NAD+.

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Where does alcohol fermentation occur?

In yeast.

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What are the connections of digestion to cellular respiration?

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins can be converted into intermediates that enter glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle.

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What regulates cellular respiration?

Mechanisms including hormonal control, enzyme activity, and feedback inhibition.

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What impact does glucose-6-phosphate have on glycolysis?

It decreases the activity of hexokinase, slowing down glycolysis.

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How does ADP affect the enzyme phosphofructokinase?

Increases the activity, promoting glycolysis.

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How do citrate and low pH affect phosphofructokinase?

They decrease its activity and slow down glycolysis.

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What regulates pyruvate dehydrogenase?

It is increased by ADP and pyruvate and decreased by acetyl-CoA, ATP, and NADH.

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What role does isocitrate dehydrogenase play in the Krebs Cycle?

It is activated by ADP and inhibited by ATP and NADH.

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What factors increase α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity?

Calcium ions and ADP.

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What happens if ATP levels are high in the electron transport chain (ETC)?

The activity of the ETC decreases.

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Where does glycolysis occur?

In the cytoplasm.

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What does glycolysis produce in the presence of oxygen?

It produces pyruvate, NADH, and ATP.

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What is the main purpose of the proton gradient?

To drive ATP synthesis during chemiosmosis.

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How does Lactic Acid Fermentation differ from Alcohol Fermentation?

Lactic acid fermentation converts pyruvate to lactate, while alcohol fermentation produces ethanol.

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What are the byproducts of Alcohol fermentation?

Ethanol and carbon dioxide.

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How is ATP generated during glycolysis?

By substrate-level phosphorylation.

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What function does coenzyme A serve in pyruvate oxidation?

It combines with acetyl groups to form acetyl-CoA.

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What must happen to NAD+ during fermentation?

It must be regenerated to allow glycolysis to continue.

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What are the end products of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP (net).

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How is energy primarily stored in cells?

In NADH and FADH2, rather than in ATP.

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What waste products are produced during cellular respiration?

Carbon dioxide and water.