Latin grammar

dum + subj

until

passive endings present

r ris tur mur mini ntur

imperfect passive endings

bar baris batur bamur bamini bantur

future passive endings

bor beris bitur bimur bimini buntur; a/ie/e (versus i/u for present)

subjunctive passive imperfect

normal infinitive plus passive endings eg portaremini

subjunctive passive pluperfect

agreed PPP plus esse with subj endings (m, s, t etc)

present passive infinitive

remove e (except for 3 and mixed) and add i

perfect passive infinitve

PPP plus esse

perfect active infintive

perfect stem plus isse

active perfect subj

normal infinitive plus subj endings m s t mus tis nt

active pluperfect subj

perfect act inf, plus subj endings

what to do when translating something that’s either future or present and you dk

• is it 1st or 2nd conj? if yes —> future has bo bis bit etc, if none of this it’s present

• if no —> does it have a/e/ie ? if yes —> it’s future; if no (should have an i/o/u instead) -present

ablative singular PAP

-i rather than -e

uses/translations of PAP

• noun (eg turba audientium = a crowd of people listening)

• subordinate clause verb (so add while/when)

• adjective (so goes like a 3rd decl adjective)

PAP of ire/velle/nolle/posse

iens, euntem/volens, volentem/nolens, nolentem/potens, potentem

uses/translations of FAP

• going to, about to, intending to, aiming to

• add when eg when he was about to…

• translated in relation to main verb (eg in passage generally in past tense, FAP becomes ‘when they were about to’)

deponent verb perfect active participle translation

having tried/encouraged/set out etc

indirect statement -introductory verb is present tense

so indirect statement takes tense of the infinitive eg nuntius dicit navem appropinquavisse = the messenger says that the ship has approached

indirect statement -introductory verb in perfect tense

indirect statement moves back a tense, eg nuntius dixit navem appropinquare = the messenger said that the ship was approaching

if two accusatives straight after each other in an indirect statement (bc the verb is transitive) - what order are they in?

1st is accusative subject, 2nd is direct object of that transitive verb

purpose clauses w/ subj

• ut plus subj

• or negative (ie so that he would not…) - ne plus subj

ut + indicative/no verb

as/when

how to spot indirect commands

• commanding verb (hortor, moneo, oro, rogo etc)

• ut /ne + impf subj

how to translate indirect commands

• NOT in order to

• either becomes an inf or add that + should

how to spot result clause

• signpost word eg tam adeo ita tantus tot talis

• ut in the middle

• impf subj in final clause

how to translate result clause

• first clause, ut, second clause

• negative (does NOT use ne) -nihil/numquam/non

• talis changes sometimes to fit context (eg so bad rather than such)

verbs of fearing how to spot + translate

• any form of timeo conjugated + ne + impf subj

• NOT negative, only negative if non is there too

how to translate cum clauses

when/since. keep tense of subjunctive!!

indirect questions how to spot

• presence of question word eg quis quid quo cur unde quando ubi

• subjucntive

indirect questions how to translate

• same tense as subj

• future in the past = ‘she was going to do smth…’

indirect questions with num

whether/if
different that in a direct question -ie not surely…not

misit nuntios ad regem necandum

lit = he sent messengers to the king needing to be killed
ie = he sent messengers to kill the king

qui/quae/quod at start of a clause

not whom/which but he/she/it instead

quod sometimes meaning whole concept, quo meaning a place/there

domi/domum

at home/homeward

seas plural

maria

filiabus/deabus

by/with/from/to/for the daughters/goddesses

domine domini

vocative sg pl

comparative adjectives and adverbs

ior added to stem , or -ius for neuter. all become 3rd decl. -ius = comparative adv as well

melior, pelior, maior, minor, plus, plures

better, worse, bigger, smaller, more of, more of

superlatives

all become 2-1-2. -issim, or -errim, or -illim. add -e for adverb

optimus pessimus maximus minimus plurimus plurimi

best worst biggest smallest very much very many

accusative time phrase

how long ie i was waiting FOR 3 hours

time with ablative

time when/within with ie i left AT first light, i will be back IN 3 days

constructing yes/no direct q

either add -ne to verb or nonne /num

stat

he stands