B3: Neuroscience Exam 1

Lectures 1/2/CN

What do the brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum, and basal ganglia make up?

brain

What makes up the CNS?

brain and spinal cord

What do the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, sensory ganglia, and splanchnic and pelvic splanchnic nerves?

PNS

What provides communication between CNS and organs; minimal processing of information in ganglia?

PNS

Where is information processed?

CNS

What is the study of the structure of the CNS?

neuroanatomy

What conduct nerve signals (action potentials) from one place to another?

neuronal fibers

Separate ________ conduct signals from one part of the CNS to another

tracts

_________ is formed primarily from the neural tube and neural crest cells

CNS

_____ matter contains nerve cell bodies, facilitates neural processing, and is a collection of nerve cell bodies within the CNS (nuclei) and collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS (ganglia)

gray

_______ matter facilitates conduction and contains axons and tracts

white

What is a bundle of nerve fibers within the CNS?

axon

What are axons connecting neighboring or distant nuclei of cerebral cortex?

tract

_______ matter facilitates neural processing

gray

_______ matter facilitates conduction

white

What structure(s) of the brain makes up the forebrain?

cerebrum and diencephalon

What is another name for cerebrum?

telencephalon

What structure of the brain do the thalamus and hypothalamus make up?

Hint: part of the forebrain

Hint hint: 2 parts

diencephalon

What is a large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills?

cerebellum

What structure is a transition between the forebrain and cerebellum?

brainstem

What structure of the brain do the midbrain, pons, and medulla make up?

brainstem

What connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum?

corpus callosum

What is the large tract of white matter than connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum?

corpus callosum

What the the 4 lobes of the cerebrum?

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

What are the grooves/valleys of the brain?

sulci (sulcus)

What are the ridges of the brain?

gyri (gyrus)

*What are the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum connected by?

vermis

According to the forel axis, in what direction is the cerebellum located?

occipital/caudal/posterior

According to the forel axis, in what direction is the prefrontal cortex located?

frontal/cranial/oral/rostral/anterior

According to the forel axis, in what direction is the scalp?

parietal/dorsal/superior

According to the forel axis, in what direction is the neck located?

basal/ventral/inferior

According to the maynert axis, in what direction is the cerebellum?

dorsal

According to the maynert axis, in what direction is the prefrontal cortex?

ventral

According to the maynert axis, in what direction is the scalp?

cranial/oral

According to the maynert axis, in what direction is the neck?

caudal

______ axis has to do with the brain/cerebral area and is oriented in an almost transverse plane

forel

______ axis is based upon the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebellum

maynert

What is the first line of protection of the CNS?

skull

What layer of the meninges does the dura mater consist of?

pachymeninx

What layer of the meninges is continuous membrane separated by subarachnoid space (and CSF) and contains the arachnoid mater and pia mater?

leptomeninx

What functional division of the nervous system provides sensory and motor innervation to all parts except viscera, smooth muscle, and glands?

somatic nervous system

What functional division of the nervous system controls smooth muscle, modified cardiac muscle, and glandular cells & has further divisions that include the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems?

autonomic nervous system

What division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls respiration, peristalsis, and steadies the heart rate?

hint: "rest and digest"

parasympathetic

What division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) increases heart rate, increases respiration, increases blood pressure, and decreases digestion?

hint: fight or flight

sympathetic

What division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) involves the neural plexus within the walls of the gut and controls peristalsis and GI secretions?

enteric

What cell carries information, communicates at synapses, and is made up of the cell body, dendrites, and axons?

neurons

What type of neuron has more than 2 dendrites and 1 axon (may have more than 1 collateral branches)?

multipolar

What type of neuron has processes that initially fused then split into 2 axons, so they facilitate 1 impulse from the receptor organ to the cell body & another impulse from the cell body to the CNS?

pseudounipolar

What is made up of cell bodies outside of the CNS in sensory ganglia?

PNS

What is a neuron that has only 1 dendrite and 1 axon that projects from the cell body?

bipolar

glial cells are ~5x more _____ than neurons

common

What type of cell found in the nervous system support, insulate, and nourish neurons?

glial cells

What cell forms satellite cells and schwann cells in the PNS?

glial cells

What cell forms oligodendroglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia in the CNS?

glial cells

What is an axon, its neurolemma, and its surrounding endoneurial connective tissue?

nerve fiber

What connective tissue covering surrounds neurolemma cells and axons?

endoneurium

What connective tissue covering encloses fascicle of nerve fibers?

perineurium

What connective tissue covering is the outermost; encloses bundle of fascicles and includes fatty tissue, lymphatics, and blood vessels?

epineurium

What type of nerve fibers send signals FROM sensory organs TO the CNS?

afferent (sensory) fibers

What type of nerve fibers send signals FROM the CNS TO effector organs (muscles and glands)

efferent (motor) fibers

Where do cranial nerve primarily arise from?

brainstem

What type of nerves originate from the spinal cord as rootlets that form 2 nerve roots?

spinal nerves

_____ nerve roots are efferent (motor) fibers

ventral

______ nerve roots are afferent (sensory) fibers

dorsal

What are sites of contact of a neuron with another neuron and an effector (muscle, gland, cell, or a sensory receptor cell)?

synapses

What type of synapse is nearly instantaneous, is a direct connection between neurons, allows for the passive flow of ions between adjacent cells, is RARE, and allows for synchronization of electrical activity?

electrical

What type of synapse makes up the majority of synapses, involves a chemical signal to be passed between axon and dendrite (or other structures!) in the form of neurotransmitters, has pre & post synaptic elements that goes into passing the "message" on, allows for a gap between cells, and has a time lag because of the gap?

chemical

*What layer of the dura mater is attached to the interior surface of the skull?

periosteal layer

What layer of the dura mater projects deeply into the cranial cavity between lobes of the brain?

meningeal layer

What part of the dura mater lie in sagittal and horizontal planes and holds the brain in place during head movement?

dural reflections

What meningeal layer is the thickest and strongest?

dura mater

What are the two potential meningeal spaces?

epidural and subdural

What potential meningeal space lies between the skull and periosteal layer of dura mater and is where the meningeal arteries are located?

epidural

What potential meningeal space lies between the dura mater and arachnoid mater?

subdural space

What occurs when a meningeal artery is torn, most commonly due to a hard blow to the head that?

epidural hematoma

During the SEC football championship, a Georgia bulldog was running to grab a fumbled TCU ball and hit his helmet on another player's helmet extremely hard. The patient was not conscious and was immediately rushed for an MRI. On imaging, you notice a biconvex opaque shape on the right posterolateral cerebrum.

What is the most common vasculature that is injured to cause this phenomena?

middle meningeal a.

What is the most common vasculature injured in an epidural hematoma?

middle meningeal a.

What is caused by the dura mater being peeled from the internal surface of the skull by blood & can lead to compression of the brain?

epidural hematoma

bleeding in an epidural hematoma DOES NOT cross:

suture lines

What occurs due to a hard blow to the head that jerks the brain inside the cranium, is often trivial/forgotten, and causes blood to accumulate in created space at dura-arachnoid junction?

subdural hematoma

15YOF c/o mild headache after being in a car accident 3 day ago. Mother states she was sitting in the passenger seat when the car accident occurred. Pt states she remembers hitting her head during the accident, but she could not remember on what or exactly where. You decide to order an MRI. On Imaging, you notice a crescent shaped, dark area on the left anterolateral skull & a shift in the lateral ventricles.

What is the most common vasculature injured to cause this phenomenon?

superior cerebral v.

subdural hematoma CAN cross:

suture lines

subdural hematomas are ______ in origin

venous

What layer of the meninges is thin, spidery, avascular, closely applied but not adherent to the dura mater due to the CSF keeping them approximated, contains trabeculae (which bridge the subarachnoid space and connect to pia mater), and creates arachnoid granulations that protrude into superior sagittal sinus for resorption of CSF?

arachnoid mater

What is the purpose of arachnoid granulations?

they protrude into superior sagittal sinus to resorb CSF

What fills the subarachnoid space between the strands of arachnoid trabeculae?

CSF

T/F: the arachnoid mater is not highly vascularized

true

Arteries to the brain travel in the ______________

subarachnoid space

What are tumors that arise from cells of the arachnoid mater?

meningioma

most meningioma are slow-growing and benign BUT functionally:

malignant

What is an actual space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater that contains arachnoid trabeculae, cerebral vasculature, and CSF?

subarachnoid space

What can occur if the subarachnoid is torn?

subarachnoid hemorrhage

What occurs when meningeal layers on either side of the subarachnoid space get infected by bacteria?

meningitis

What layer of the meninges is the very thin inner layer, highly vascularized, adherent to surface of brain and follows its contours, covers the cerebral aa. for short distance as they penetrate into cortex, covers every gyri and sulci, and cannot be separated from the cerebrum?

pia mater

What meningeal a.:

-supplies the meninges of the anterior cranial fossa

anterior meningeal a.

What meningeal a.:

-large, clinically significant

-supplies a large area of the meninges

-grooves are commonly found on the interior surface of the skull

-underlies pterion

middle meningeal a.

What meningeal a.:

-supplies the meninges of the posterior cranial fossa

posterior meningeal a.

what dural reflection separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres?

falx cerebri

what dural reflection separates the right and left cerebellar hemispheres?

falx cerebelli

What dural reflection separates the occipital lobes of cerebrum from cerebellum, divides the cranial cavity into supatentorial & infratentorial compartments, is fused with falx cerebri at midline, and forms the tentorial notch at the anterior edge (U shaped passage for brainstem)?

tentorium cerebelli