beginning 1 and 2 grammar

Expressing possessive relations: N1(possessor) N2 (possessed)

possessor possessed 거예요 [거=thing]

Vowel contraction

1. 가 + 아요 -> 가요

2. 지내 + 어요 -> 지내요

3. 마시 + 어요 -> 마셔요 (plain) OR 안녕하시 + 어요 -> 안녕하세요 (honorific)

4. 우 + 어 -> 워 OR 오 + 아 -> 와

5. 크다 + 어요 -> 커요

The locative particles 에 and 에서

에 → static location, destination/goal

에서 → dynamic location

The basic sentence pattern

Who (subject)

Where (complement)

What (object)

To do (verb)

(in order) to verb

~(으)러 [place]에 가요

Irregular verbs in /ㄷ/

듣 + 어요 -> 들어요

듣 + 으세요 -> 들으세요

걷 + 어요 -> 걸어요

걷 + 으세요 -> 걸으세요

By means of N

1. 비행기로 (by airplane)

2. 트럭으로 (by truck)

3. 연필로 쓰세요 (please write with a pencil)

4. (으)로 after a consonant (except /ㄹ/), 로 after a vowel

Irregular predicates in /ㅂ/

가깝 + 어요/아요 -> 가까우 + 어요 -> 가까워요

EXCEPTIONS

좁다 -> 좁아요

넓다 -> 넓어요

The negative adverb

안가요 - do not

못가요 - cannot

Probability

~(으)ㄹ 거예요

likey to happen; speaker/listener’s intention or plan

What kind of N vs. which N

무슨 - what kind

어느 - which

The clausal connective ~고

~고

links two clauses like ‘and’

it is more natural not to express tense in the first clause, but instead to rely on the second clause to furnish it

Seeking agreement

~지요

Demonstrative expressions

이 - this (near speaker)

그 - that (near listener)

저 - that over there (away from both speaker and listener)

these are always followed by a noun

이것/그것/저것 OR 이거/그거/저거

when a thing is mentioned again in the same conversation, there is no need to repeat the noun. it can be replaced by 것/거 (‘thing’)

Deferential style

~(스)ㅂ니다/ ~(스)ㅂ니까?

for formal settings like broadcastings and conferences

Toward N

N(으)로

used to indicate a general direction, not a specific destination

Irregular predicates in /ㄹ/

when an adjective or verb stem ending in /ㄹ/ is followed by /ㄴ/, /ㅂ/, or /ㅅ/, the final /ㄹ/ is ommitted

in the case of ~으세요, the vowel 으 is deleted. thus, the stem-final /ㄹ/ is omitted before

/ㅅ/: 살 + 으세요 -> 살 + 세요 -> 사세요

Expressing goal or source

N한테/게 - to a person

N한테서/게 - from a person

에 - to a place

에서 - from a place

‘giving or sending’ type: 하다/주다/보내다

‘receiving’ type: 받다/오다/듣다

Noun-modifying form

[adjective~(으)ㄴ] + N

noun-modifying forms of the irregular predicates in /ㅂ/:

가깝 + 은 -> 거까우 + 은 -> 가까우 + ㄴ -> 가까운

noun-modifying forms of the irregular predicates in /ㄹ/:

멀 + 은 -> 멀 + ㄴ -> 머 + ㄴ -> 먼

adjectives 있다/없다 takes ~는 instead of ~(으)ㄴ

when there are multiple adjectives, connect them with ~고, and only the last adjective takes the noun-modifying form

The subject honorific

~(으)시; added to a predicate stem to express the speaker’s respect toward the subject of the sentence

it is not a sentence-final suffix, and therefore it is always followed by other types of suffixes: 읽으시었습니다 [읽+으시+었+습니다]

The clausal connective ~지만

~지만 is equivalent to “but” or “although”

unlike with the clausal connective ~고, the tense musst be indicated in both the first and the second clause

The clausal connective ~(으)ㄴ데/는데

used to give common background information to be shared between a speaker and a listener

OR

to contrast two clauses

OR

to justify a request or proposal

~(으)ㄴ데 - used for adjectives and copulas

는데 - used for verbs, past tense, and existential (있/없)

in the past tense ~었/았 comesw before the form ~는데

Expressing desire

~고 싶다 - expresses the speaker’s desire, or in question form can express the listener’s desire

~고 싶어 하다 - expresses the desire of a third person

the past tense form is ~고 싶었어요

The sentence ending ~(으)ㄴ데/는데

extended usage of the clausal connective

by using ~(으)ㄴ데/는데, the speaker presents background information while politely allowing the listener to determine the next course of action [he is not home VS he is not home (is there anything I can do for you?)]

The clausal connective ~어서/아서

clause 1 [~어서/아서] clause 2 - gives the reason for the event described in clause 2

often used with the question word 왜

the choice between ~어서 and ~아서 is determined the same way as the choice between polite form

the past-tense suffix cannot occur in clause 1 even if the tense of clause 2 is past

clause 2 can be omitted if the context makes it clear; the polite ending ~요 should be attached to maintain the polite speech level

Noun-modifying form [Verb~는]+N

used as a relative clause

the copula ~(이)다/아니다 becomes ~인/아닌

the progressive form ~고 있다

expresses the continuation or progression of an action

only verbs can use this construction

intentional ~(으)ㄹ래요

used to ask the intention of the listener in questions and refers to the speaker’s intention in statements

used in less formal settings

N(이)나 vs N밖에

(이)나 indicates that the quantity in question is more than the speakers expectations; can show surprise or shock; can be “as much/many as”

밖에 indicates that the quantity in question is less than the speakers expectation

asking someone’s opinion: ~(으)ㄹ까요?

asks the listener’s opinion

“shall I/we?”

can only be used as a question

the clausal connective ~어서/아서 (sequential)

“and so” connects two clauses that are very related in a cause and effect relationship

“and then” connects two clauses that are related but do not have a cause and effect relationship

conjectural ~겠~

expresses the speaker’s guess or conjecture based on the circumstantial evidence or given information

“i guess/think…” and “you must be…”

the sentence ending ~네요

expresses the speaker’s spontaneous reaction (like surprise, admiration, or sympathy) to some new information