Chapter 28 & 29 APUSH

What is Progressive defined as?

Use of the government to improve human welfare; fighting monopolies, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice

Henry Demarest Llyod

wrote Wealth against Commonwealth (1894)

Wealth against Commonwealth (1894)

Critical of standard oil and how it doesn’t help the people that it is supposed to serve, aka the customers. Also, how robber barons aren’t helping the little guy

Jacob A Riis

wrote How the Other Half Lives (1890)

How the Other Half Lives (1890)

Wealth vs the Common Man; The strong divide between how rich, middle class, and rural class lives. Some didn’t even know there were slums in New York because knowledge didn’t move quickly.

What was the best way to spread knowledge?

Writing because transportation, newspapers, and knowledge was slow

What is social justice?

Searching and fighting for social equality among gender, race, and minorities

How were Socialists and Feminists connected?

• Socialists began to come to the front of the movement in America because the same movements were occurring across the globe. 

• Social justice became very appealing to the common person because the government owned everything and robber barons profited off of them. 

• Environmental concern goes away, put on the back burner 

• Women still didn’t have the right to vote 

What is muck?

Mud; the underbelly of water is dirty and when stirred, it becomes cloudy and you no longer see the water

What are muckrakers?

Investigative journalists who went after corrupt politicians and after-trusts

Lincoln Steffens

writes The Shame of the Cities

The Shame of the Cities

Outs the corruption within the big machines and how they change the government

Ida Tarbell

Leading and educated Muckraker that publishes a depiction of Standard Oil that drags their name

Tarbell’s Standard Oil story

Ida Tarbell was raised on a Standard Oil reserve and called out how Standard Oil ruins the cities and people that work in Standard Oil

David G Phillips

wrote Treason of the Senate in Cosmopolitan

Treason of the Senate

Charges that 75/90 senators do not represent their people and invest/represent railroads and trusts. Also, how local politics and national politics are always will and always have been corrupt

Response to Treason of the Senate

Senators say that without the trusts or railroads that they can’t produce jobs for their people

What are Social Evils?

 social “badness” or wrongs; used as attacks from muckrakers

Ray Stannard

wrote Following the Color Line (1908)

Following the Color Line (1908)

Said that the Mason-Dixon line is gone because segregation has leaked everywhere. Two steps forward from the Civil War, three steps back for equality

John Spargo

wrote The Bitter Cry of the Children

The Bitter Cry of the Children (1906)

• Child labor is child abuse 

• People didn’t agree because they thought labor was labor and people needed money regardless 

• He asked what should children do instead of work; answer is go to school and learn

What is Political Progressivism?

Reforms that benefitted the middle class more than poor

Why were the middle class helped?

more educated with more free time and disposable income than the poor

What is the trickle-down theory of progressivism?

middle class had time to fight for those that are down on their luck compared to them and want to bring society up with them

First goal of Progressivism

To use state power to control trust: 

• trusts= monopolies 

• The federal government shouldn’t have control over states because they will be controlled by the state. 

• Go after the states because the federal will push them down 

Second goal of Progressivism

To improve the common person’s conditions of life and labor (work and personal life)

• Want to improve the quality of work place to stop putting people in danger 

• Protect immigrants as well as poor class; you should not be scared to go to work and if you get hurt, you should be able to heal 

  • There were no pensions or disabilities at this time

Progressivism harps on one quote

we lost our way because we forget that the constitution says “We the People…”

What is a referendum?

direct vote by the people where you must get a petition, get people to sign it, then give it to the local government and request a referendum

What is an Initiative?

people directly propose legislation

What is a recall?

vote to remove an elected official from position by the public

What is the 17th amendment?

establish the direct election of senators

How did we elect senators before the 17th amendment?

The states appointed them, by governors or the state senators (in the state’s congress); corruption was eminent

What is the Public Utility Commission (PUC)?

regulates anything that is a public utility like electricity, toll roads, sewage, railroads, water, and natural gas

Robert La Follette

“Fighting Bob;” Father of the Progressive movement that fought for the people, gave back rights, and tried to end corruption

Hiram Johnson

Governor of California that saw the railroad wasn’t benefiting the state and its people

club movement

created clubs where women could discuss and propose solutions to problems

trade union

union that represents a specific job and trade

national consumer

women were buying things for the home, they were spending the money so they had the say-so; meant to benefit them

Florence Kelly

used the power of boycotting companies that used child labor or abused female workers

Muller v Oregon

Muller (plaintiff) and Oregon (defense-getting sued) fought over if it is constitutional to enact laws that protect female workers 

Rule it was constitutional since women and men are equal. Pregnant women should get different breaks than others. Baseline law that allowed laws to be different for men and women

Lochner v New York

overturned the law that bakers had to work 10 hours at minimum all at one time

Many women were bakers. It was unfair to mandate hours. But hours could be broken up (make bread then take care of children then come back). Changed so that it didn’t have to be all at one time

Shirtwaist fire

factory that made shirts with a lot of children and female workers, doors of company was locked up, electricity sparked on dust made from shirts, factory goes up in flames and workers couldn’t escape, many died

Women’s Christian Temperance Movement (WCTU)

Anti-Alcohol group that would pray-out (go into bars and pray around customers, made a significant change)

Portable water/drinkable water

Didn’t have a lot of potable water so people drank beer often and it became the norm and caused problems 

Workers would be buzzed and caused issues. Socialization after work with alcohol would cause issues at home

What did Roosevelt pass to support Progressivism?

The square deal

Three points of the square deal?

1. Control of corporations (trusts) 

2. Consumer protection (trust in products and you get what you get, also to make sure it is safe for the customer)

3. Conservation of natural resourcesMiner

Miner strike

went of strike for a 20% raise and a 9 hour work day (instead of 10 hours) 

• Were paid little and wanted their dues; wanted a livable wage 

• 20% raise and work 10% less (keeps things where it is)

• As a coal miner, you only get paid when you’re in the mines and working

George F Baer and Roosevelt

Miner spokesman and president sided together; threatening to put troops in the mines to support corporations

Department of Commerce

due to labor and capital hostility with so many strikes, Roosevelt created a way to help this issue

Railroads and the government

railroads appealed to legislation to push back the interstate commerce commission and offered rebates to the government so they’d use the railroads

Elkins Act

railroads weren’t allowed to use rebates since everything must go through the ICC; they also weren’t allowed to take rebates 

• Forced railroads to be more fair with shippers

• Railroads gave free passes to shippers (basically a rebate)

Hepburn Act of 1906

no free passes while expanding the ICC

What are free passes?

rewards companies to promote business

Northern Securities Company

wanted to achieve a monopoly across all the railroads in the northwest but the government had to approve mergers

What happens when Roosevelt challenges the Northern Securities Company?

Supreme Court rules in agreeance with Roosevelt 

Most trusts at this time were companies that took over others, making monopolies but the trust were dissolved

What do consumers do?

Buy things and vote for people who care about them

What is Botulism?

Bad stored food in cans or different containers

Botulism in America

found in American meats so foreign groups threatened to ban them from trading 

America was exporting a large amount of beef and cow so they relied on fixing this

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair

Tells about how immigrants come into American and how hard it is working in the meat factories in Chicago as an immigrant and Exposes how dirty and nasty the meat industry was

Meat Inspection Act of 1906

meat shipped over state lines had to be inspected by feds

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

designed to prevent adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals 

• Can’t say ‘cure’ must say ‘prevent’ 

• Everything must be included in labeling like nutrition labels

  • i.e. ‘2% juice,’ ‘10% juice,’ etc

What else beside progressive, was Roosevelt?

A conservationist

Desert Land Act of 1887

federal government sold dry land cheaply as long as the buyer promised to bring water to that land and irrigate the soil in 3 years

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

created national forest, parks, etc. which set aside those places and didn’t allow others to tamper with it

Carey Act of 1894

federal land would be given to states as long as it was irrigated in order for things could be planted, and food could be made

Newlands Act of 1902

allowed the federal government to use money from sale of land to develop irrigation projects

125 million

money set aside for federal reserves

Multi-Resource Management

Sought to sustain federal lands for recreation, logging, watershed protection, and cattle grazing

Roosevelt’s 2nd term

1904

Panic of 1907

Congress had passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act of 1908 that authorized banks to issue emergency currency in the event of a shortage 

• Value of the money goes down

• You can’t print more money unless you buy more gold

What was the surprise of the Panic of 1907

Americans had forgotten about the panics and people got cocky so they passed laws that they thought mighty help but only caused more issues

Election of 1908

William Howard Taft (Republican) w/ his Secretary of War: Roosevelt

William Jennings Bryan (Democrat)

Taft

Roosevelt’s puppet/mouthpiece

Who won the election of 1908?

Taft

Why did Taft and Roosevelt look good?

Roosevelt had changed America’s presidential power and also made America a role model to other countries

Why was Taft problematic as a president?

wasn’t adept to Roosevelts ideals 

• He was more of an intellectual 

• He gets the job done; unlike Roosevelt who was good at talking but wasn’t the best at getting the job done 

• Taft was passive with Congress instead of being firm with them like Roosevelt

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft encouraged local banks to invest in foreign countries 

• Set up distribution centers, factories, etc. 

• Take our machine to the other countries; our businesses could go all over the world 

• If we could run those businesses, we could run those countries 

• Wanted to expand America economically and territorially

• made better defense for the U.S.

China Manchuria

U.S. railroads controlled Japan and Russia in China

Philander Knox

proposed that Americans buy the Railroads and turn them over to China but Japan and Russia refuse

What is a trustbuster?

Someone who breaks up a monopoly

1911 Standard Oil violation

The Supreme Court ordered for Standard Oil to be dissolved because they violated the Sherman AntiTrust Act

Sherman AntiTrust Act

If your monopoly becomes too big that other companies can’t enter your area of trade,then you should be dissolved

“Rule of Reason” Doctrine

the Supreme Court rules that a trust was illegal only if it restrainted trade 

• Equal trade in and out is fair but over taking and preventing that is illegal

Payne-Aldrich Bill (1909)

placed high tariff on many imports coming in 

Why did the Payne-Aldrich Bill upset Republicans?

Taft had said he’s lower tariffs and tariffs had become a bad thing 

• If we charge high tariffs, everyone else will start charging high tariffs as well

Taft in bad water with Progressives

he fired Chief of Agriculture’s Forestry Division Leader, Gifford Pinchot, during a midterm election and split the Republican party in half

National Progressive Republican League

formed by “Fighting Bob,” who was also the lead candidate in the Republican Presidential Nomination

Republican Presidential Nomination

Roosevelt came to challenge Taft, since he hadn’t followed his principles, but Taft won over “Fighting Bob” and Roosevelt

1912 Convention

Republicans refused to vote since Roosevelt didn’t vote and Roosevelt claimed it was fraud

National Progressive Movement/ Bull-Moose Party

Roosevelt’s 3rd Party that challenged the two split Republican groups and was determined to win

“Bull Moose” Campaign

• Democrats turned down Bryan since he was old

  • choose Woodrow Wilson

  • He was running as a progressive reformist 

    Democrats saw him as capable of beating the republican party 

  • Wilson is smart because he is an educator (he’s from Ohio)

Beef between Taft and Wilson

Taft broke down Standard Oil which was from Ohio and Wilson was from Ohio; people from Ohio would fund Wilson so he could win

New Freedom

The Progressive platform that Wilson runs on and wants antitrust laws, banking reform, and reduction of tariffs

New Nationalism Party

Roosevelt on this program under the Republican party

• Supported strong control of monopolies 

• Programs of social welfare 

• And women’s suffrage 

  • Only did it because women could vote for Roosevelt

Republican party differences

Both wanted an active government role in economic and social affairs but disagree over strategies

Roosevelt’s Campaign Trial

Roosevelt was shot during a speech but continued until the speech was finished

Split Parties, Split Votes

Roosevelt and Taft’s votes were split between their party so Wilson won the presidency

Election of 1912

Wilson won due to split Republican votes

What happened to Roosevelt’s party?

Fell apart due to no local support