Studied by 25 people
What is Progressive defined as?
Use of the government to improve human welfare; fighting monopolies, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice
Henry Demarest Llyod
wrote Wealth against Commonwealth (1894)
Wealth against Commonwealth (1894)
Critical of standard oil and how it doesn’t help the people that it is supposed to serve, aka the customers. Also, how robber barons aren’t helping the little guy
Jacob A Riis
wrote How the Other Half Lives (1890)
How the Other Half Lives (1890)
Wealth vs the Common Man; The strong divide between how rich, middle class, and rural class lives. Some didn’t even know there were slums in New York because knowledge didn’t move quickly.
What was the best way to spread knowledge?
Writing because transportation, newspapers, and knowledge was slow
What is social justice?
Searching and fighting for social equality among gender, race, and minorities
How were Socialists and Feminists connected?
Socialists began to come to the front of the movement in America because the same movements were occurring across the globe.
Social justice became very appealing to the common person because the government owned everything and robber barons profited off of them.
Environmental concern goes away, put on the back burner
Women still didn’t have the right to vote
What is muck?
Mud; the underbelly of water is dirty and when stirred, it becomes cloudy and you no longer see the water
What are muckrakers?
Investigative journalists who went after corrupt politicians and after-trusts
Lincoln Steffens
writes The Shame of the Cities
The Shame of the Cities
Outs the corruption within the big machines and how they change the government
Ida Tarbell
Leading and educated Muckraker that publishes a depiction of Standard Oil that drags their name
Tarbell’s Standard Oil story
Ida Tarbell was raised on a Standard Oil reserve and called out how Standard Oil ruins the cities and people that work in Standard Oil
David G Phillips
wrote Treason of the Senate in Cosmopolitan
Treason of the Senate
Charges that 75/90 senators do not represent their people and invest/represent railroads and trusts. Also, how local politics and national politics are always will and always have been corrupt
Response to Treason of the Senate
Senators say that without the trusts or railroads that they can’t produce jobs for their people
What are Social Evils?
social “badness” or wrongs; used as attacks from muckrakers
Ray Stannard
wrote Following the Color Line (1908)
Following the Color Line (1908)
Said that the Mason-Dixon line is gone because segregation has leaked everywhere. Two steps forward from the Civil War, three steps back for equality
John Spargo
wrote The Bitter Cry of the Children
The Bitter Cry of the Children (1906)
Child labor is child abuse
People didn’t agree because they thought labor was labor and people needed money regardless
He asked what should children do instead of work; answer is go to school and learn
What is Political Progressivism?
Reforms that benefitted the middle class more than poor
Why were the middle class helped?
more educated with more free time and disposable income than the poor
What is the trickle-down theory of progressivism?
middle class had time to fight for those that are down on their luck compared to them and want to bring society up with them
First goal of Progressivism
To use state power to control trust:
trusts= monopolies
The federal government shouldn’t have control over states because they will be controlled by the state.
Go after the states because the federal will push them down
Second goal of Progressivism
To improve the common person’s conditions of life and labor (work and personal life)
Want to improve the quality of work place to stop putting people in danger
Protect immigrants as well as poor class; you should not be scared to go to work and if you get hurt, you should be able to heal
There were no pensions or disabilities at this time
Progressivism harps on one quote
we lost our way because we forget that the constitution says “We the People…”
What is a referendum?
direct vote by the people where you must get a petition, get people to sign it, then give it to the local government and request a referendum
What is an Initiative?
people directly propose legislation
What is a recall?
vote to remove an elected official from position by the public
What is the 17th amendment?
establish the direct election of senators
How did we elect senators before the 17th amendment?
The states appointed them, by governors or the state senators (in the state’s congress); corruption was eminent
What is the Public Utility Commission (PUC)?
regulates anything that is a public utility like electricity, toll roads, sewage, railroads, water, and natural gas
Robert La Follette
“Fighting Bob;” Father of the Progressive movement that fought for the people, gave back rights, and tried to end corruption
Hiram Johnson
Governor of California that saw the railroad wasn’t benefiting the state and its people
club movement
created clubs where women could discuss and propose solutions to problems
trade union
union that represents a specific job and trade
national consumer
women were buying things for the home, they were spending the money so they had the say-so; meant to benefit them
Florence Kelly
used the power of boycotting companies that used child labor or abused female workers
Muller v Oregon
Muller (plaintiff) and Oregon (defense-getting sued) fought over if it is constitutional to enact laws that protect female workers
Rule it was constitutional since women and men are equal. Pregnant women should get different breaks than others. Baseline law that allowed laws to be different for men and women
Lochner v New York
overturned the law that bakers had to work 10 hours at minimum all at one time
Many women were bakers. It was unfair to mandate hours. But hours could be broken up (make bread then take care of children then come back). Changed so that it didn’t have to be all at one time
Shirtwaist fire
factory that made shirts with a lot of children and female workers, doors of company was locked up, electricity sparked on dust made from shirts, factory goes up in flames and workers couldn’t escape, many died
Women’s Christian Temperance Movement (WCTU)
Anti-Alcohol group that would pray-out (go into bars and pray around customers, made a significant change)
Portable water/drinkable water
Didn’t have a lot of potable water so people drank beer often and it became the norm and caused problems
Workers would be buzzed and caused issues. Socialization after work with alcohol would cause issues at home
What did Roosevelt pass to support Progressivism?
The square deal
Three points of the square deal?
Control of corporations (trusts)
Consumer protection (trust in products and you get what you get, also to make sure it is safe for the customer)
Conservation of natural resourcesMiner
Miner strike
went of strike for a 20% raise and a 9 hour work day (instead of 10 hours)
Were paid little and wanted their dues; wanted a livable wage
20% raise and work 10% less (keeps things where it is)
As a coal miner, you only get paid when you’re in the mines and working
George F Baer and Roosevelt
Miner spokesman and president sided together; threatening to put troops in the mines to support corporations
Department of Commerce
due to labor and capital hostility with so many strikes, Roosevelt created a way to help this issue
Railroads and the government
railroads appealed to legislation to push back the interstate commerce commission and offered rebates to the government so they’d use the railroads
Elkins Act
railroads weren’t allowed to use rebates since everything must go through the ICC; they also weren’t allowed to take rebates
Forced railroads to be more fair with shippers
Railroads gave free passes to shippers (basically a rebate)
Hepburn Act of 1906
no free passes while expanding the ICC
What are free passes?
rewards companies to promote business
Northern Securities Company
wanted to achieve a monopoly across all the railroads in the northwest but the government had to approve mergers
What happens when Roosevelt challenges the Northern Securities Company?
Supreme Court rules in agreeance with Roosevelt
Most trusts at this time were companies that took over others, making monopolies but the trust were dissolved
What do consumers do?
Buy things and vote for people who care about them
What is Botulism?
Bad stored food in cans or different containers
Botulism in America
found in American meats so foreign groups threatened to ban them from trading
America was exporting a large amount of beef and cow so they relied on fixing this
The Jungle by Upton Sinclair
Tells about how immigrants come into American and how hard it is working in the meat factories in Chicago as an immigrant and Exposes how dirty and nasty the meat industry was
Meat Inspection Act of 1906
meat shipped over state lines had to be inspected by feds
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
designed to prevent adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals
Can’t say ‘cure’ must say ‘prevent’
Everything must be included in labeling like nutrition labels
i.e. ‘2% juice,’ ‘10% juice,’ etc
What else beside progressive, was Roosevelt?
A conservationist
Desert Land Act of 1887
federal government sold dry land cheaply as long as the buyer promised to bring water to that land and irrigate the soil in 3 years
Forest Reserve Act of 1891
created national forest, parks, etc. which set aside those places and didn’t allow others to tamper with it
Carey Act of 1894
federal land would be given to states as long as it was irrigated in order for things could be planted, and food could be made
Newlands Act of 1902
allowed the federal government to use money from sale of land to develop irrigation projects
125 million
money set aside for federal reserves
Multi-Resource Management
Sought to sustain federal lands for recreation, logging, watershed protection, and cattle grazing
Roosevelt’s 2nd term
1904
Panic of 1907
Congress had passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act of 1908 that authorized banks to issue emergency currency in the event of a shortage
Value of the money goes down
You can’t print more money unless you buy more gold
What was the surprise of the Panic of 1907
Americans had forgotten about the panics and people got cocky so they passed laws that they thought mighty help but only caused more issues
Election of 1908
William Howard Taft (Republican) w/ his Secretary of War: Roosevelt
William Jennings Bryan (Democrat)
Taft
Roosevelt’s puppet/mouthpiece
Who won the election of 1908?
Taft
Why did Taft and Roosevelt look good?
Roosevelt had changed America’s presidential power and also made America a role model to other countries
Why was Taft problematic as a president?
wasn’t adept to Roosevelts ideals
He was more of an intellectual
He gets the job done; unlike Roosevelt who was good at talking but wasn’t the best at getting the job done
Taft was passive with Congress instead of being firm with them like Roosevelt
Dollar Diplomacy
Taft encouraged local banks to invest in foreign countries
Set up distribution centers, factories, etc.
Take our machine to the other countries; our businesses could go all over the world
If we could run those businesses, we could run those countries
Wanted to expand America economically and territorially
made better defense for the U.S.
China Manchuria
U.S. railroads controlled Japan and Russia in China
Philander Knox
proposed that Americans buy the Railroads and turn them over to China but Japan and Russia refuse
What is a trustbuster?
Someone who breaks up a monopoly
1911 Standard Oil violation
The Supreme Court ordered for Standard Oil to be dissolved because they violated the Sherman AntiTrust Act
Sherman AntiTrust Act
If your monopoly becomes too big that other companies can’t enter your area of trade,then you should be dissolved
“Rule of Reason” Doctrine
the Supreme Court rules that a trust was illegal only if it restrainted trade
Equal trade in and out is fair but over taking and preventing that is illegal
Payne-Aldrich Bill (1909)
placed high tariff on many imports coming in
Why did the Payne-Aldrich Bill upset Republicans?
Taft had said he’s lower tariffs and tariffs had become a bad thing
If we charge high tariffs, everyone else will start charging high tariffs as well
Taft in bad water with Progressives
he fired Chief of Agriculture’s Forestry Division Leader, Gifford Pinchot, during a midterm election and split the Republican party in half
National Progressive Republican League
formed by “Fighting Bob,” who was also the lead candidate in the Republican Presidential Nomination
Republican Presidential Nomination
Roosevelt came to challenge Taft, since he hadn’t followed his principles, but Taft won over “Fighting Bob” and Roosevelt
1912 Convention
Republicans refused to vote since Roosevelt didn’t vote and Roosevelt claimed it was fraud
National Progressive Movement/ Bull-Moose Party
Roosevelt’s 3rd Party that challenged the two split Republican groups and was determined to win
“Bull Moose” Campaign
Democrats turned down Bryan since he was old
choose Woodrow Wilson
He was running as a progressive reformist
Democrats saw him as capable of beating the republican party
Wilson is smart because he is an educator (he’s from Ohio)
Beef between Taft and Wilson
Taft broke down Standard Oil which was from Ohio and Wilson was from Ohio; people from Ohio would fund Wilson so he could win
New Freedom
The Progressive platform that Wilson runs on and wants antitrust laws, banking reform, and reduction of tariffs
New Nationalism Party
Roosevelt on this program under the Republican party
Supported strong control of monopolies
Programs of social welfare
And women’s suffrage
Only did it because women could vote for Roosevelt
Republican party differences
Both wanted an active government role in economic and social affairs but disagree over strategies
Roosevelt’s Campaign Trial
Roosevelt was shot during a speech but continued until the speech was finished
Split Parties, Split Votes
Roosevelt and Taft’s votes were split between their party so Wilson won the presidency
Election of 1912
Wilson won due to split Republican votes
What happened to Roosevelt’s party?
Fell apart due to no local support
Note 
Flashcard (102)