Bio II exam 3

Systematists use several fundamental criteria to assign animals to phyla. Check all of the criteria that systematists would use to classify animals under specific phyla.

• Adult body symmetry

• Ultimate adult body size

• Embryological formation of body cavities

• Gene sequences

• the number of tissue layers

What is meant by pentaradial symmetry?

Having five planes of symmetry

Round worms (Phylum: Nematoda) move by essentially thrashing from side to side. Segmented worms (Phylum: Annelida) are capable of much more controlled and intricate movements. What feature of annelids, missing in nematodes, allows for the annelids’ more complex locomotion?

Segmentation

All species of animal have general features in common. Select the features that would apply to animals.

• Most animals have the capacity for active movement

• Animal zygotes undergo mitotic divisions called cleavage

• All animals are heterotrophs

You are working in a field station processing samples from the local rain forest. A worm from a local waterway is determined to be solid from the gut epithelium to the outermost epithelium. Based on this version of a body cavity the worm would be considered _________blank.

acoelomate

While reviewing for your Zoology exam, a classmate asks: which feature would only be found in the Bilateria? It is your turn to answer and explain; based on your knowledge, you choose which of the following?

Anterior Cephalization

Choanocytes _________blank.

filter particles out of the water

A/an _____ may become specialized and may aggregate with others.

Cell

A group of specialized cells of a specific type that grow and function as a unit is known as a/an ____

tissue

A structure composed of layers of cells of various types arranged in a specific pattern is a/an ___

organ

Different structures working together to perform a common function are recognized as a/an __

organ system

Characteristics of epithelial tissues

• Includes squamous, cuboidal, and columnar cells

• Lines kidney tubules, nasal passages, intestines

• barrier

• free surface and basal lamina

• may be simple or stratified

• secrets and absorbs

Characteristics of connective tissues

• includes blood

• includes fat

• includes bone

• includes cells scattered among an extracellular matrix

• surrounds, actors and supports

Characteristics of nervous tissues

• triggers rapid responses from neighboring cells

• conducts electrical impulses

• cells vary considerably in length

Characteristics of muscle tissues

• surrounds and controls the emptying of hollow organs

• one type produces a heartbeat

• one type causes limb movement

• may be smooth or striated

Which is NOT a feature of muscle cells?

Individual cells are suspended in a matrix.

If the lining of the respiratory tract developed as stratified epithelium, what would result?

This would greatly impair its absorptive function.

What are true statements about epithelial tissues?

• May serve as a covering for structures

• May serve as a barrier

• Can specialize to form glands

• Classified according to cell shape

• Classified according to the number of layers of cells that are present

What are true statements about connective tissues?

• Examples of connective tissues include fat and blood

• cells are generally spaced widely apart

• Connective tissue functions to support and connect other structures

T/F: Neuroglia conduct electrical impulses, passing messages to neurons.

False

A support cell of the CNS that produces the myelin sheath.

Oligodendrocytes

Association neurons that enable complex reflexes and higher functions such as learning and memory

Interneurons

Afferent neurons that carry impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system

Sensory neurons

Efferent neurons that carry impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.

Motor neurons

A support cell of the peripheral nervous system that produces the myelin sheath.

Schwann Cells

Characteristics of the somatic nervous system

• Always single innervation of effector

• innervates skeletal muscles

• Utilizes only acetylcholine

• Always excites motor neurons

Characteristics of the autonomic nervous system

• typically dual innervation of effector

• utilizes norepinephrine

• innervates cardiac and smooth muscle and exocrine glands

• can excite or inhibit motor neurons

effects of the sympathetic nervous system stimulation

• increases heart rate

• inhibits gastric secretion

• dilates bronchioles

• causes sweating

• dilates pupils

• slight salivary secretion

effects of the parasympathetic nervous system stimulation

• copious salivary secretion

• constricts bronchioles

• decreases heart rate

• stimulates gastric activity

• constricts pupils

You placate your cat with a bowl of his favorite treats, and he is now relaxing in a quiet room. What division of his nervous system has become more active?

Parasympathetic nervous system

Photoreceptors

detects light energy

Mechanoreceptors

Sense touch and hearing by detecting physical pressure

Chemoreceptors

Detects the levels of specific chemical signals

Interoceptors

Sense stimuli arising from within the body

Exteroceptors

Sense stimuli arising from the external environment

Sound waves passing through the ear canal produce vibrations of the

tympanic membrane

Vibrations of the tympanic membrane cause the incus, malleus, and stapes vibrate against an inner membrane known as the

oval window

Vibration of the oval window creates pressure waves in the fluid filling the vestibular and tympanic canals of the

cochlea

Pressure waves in the cochlear fluid cause the ___ of hair cells to bend, activating sensory neurons.

cilia

Invertebrate eyespots:

• simple visual systems

• photoreceptors clustered in small spots

• detects the direction of light

Vertebrate eye:

• sensory neurons attach i front of retina

• color vision

• blind spot

Chemoreceptors within the body are able to detect changes in blood pH to regulate breathing and levels of carbon dioxide. Based on what you know about other chemoreceptors, what class might these be related to?

Sour taste receptors

Which neuronal feature is incorrectly matched with its characteristic?

Axon—carries signals from other cells to the cell body

Characteristics of the central nervous system

• interprets input

• spinal cord

• brain

• integrates input

Characteristics of the peripheral nervous system

• Sensory neurons

• communicates signals to muscles or glands

• motor neurons

• ganglia

What changes will the sympathetic nervous system of a rabbit initiate when the rabbit is being chased by a coyote?

• decrease motility in intestine

• dilate bronchioles in lungs

• dilate pupils

• secretes adrenaline

• speeds up heartbeat

Characteristics of the gastrovascular cavity

• All cells are exposed to all stages of digestion

• Cnidarians

• One opening

• Flatworms

• No structural specialization

Characteristics of the digestive tract

• ingested food may be stored in a specialized region

• separate mouth and anus

• vertebrates

• earthworms

• one way tube

Structures and characteristics of the small intestine:

• digestive enzymes are produced by epithelial lining

• contains ileum

• nutrients are absorbed

• villi and microvilli increase surface area

• receives secretions from the pancreas

• contains duodenum

• 4.5 meters log in adult human

• contains jejunum

• hydrolytic enzymes break down macromolecules

• lymphatic capillaries absorb fat

Structures and characteristics of the large intestine:

• empties into rectum

• absorbs water and salts

• contains cecum

• stores and concentrates undigested material

• contains he appendix

• bacteria produce vitamin K

Which of the following is the correct order for the major parts of the gastrointestinal tract?

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Involuntary muscle contractions which move a bolus through the gastrointestinal tract are called

peristalsis

The liver is not directly responsible for the digestion process, but releases bile and other compounds that break down fats. What would be a consequence if the liver was not able to release these compounds?

The small intestine would not be able to absorb fats.

What would a graph of internal lung pressure as compared to atmospheric pressure look like during one of your own, unforced inhalation/exhalation cycles?

D

Inspiration begins as

the diaphragm contracts

Characteristics and examples of the open circulatory system:

• vessels are open-ended

• hemolymph is circulating fluid

• most types of mollusks

• arthropods

Characteristics and examples of the closed circulatory system:

• earthworms

• blood stays in vessels

• frogs

• blood flow to certain regions can be regulated

• blood and interstitial fluid are separated

• humans

characteristics of the arteries

• multiple elastic layers

• distributors of blood to organs

• aorta

• thick walled

characteristics of the veins

• valves are present

• skeletal muscles aid movement of blood

• inferior vena cava

• superior vena cava

• lower pressure

characteristics of the capillaries

• recapture their own fluid

• smallest diameter

• exchange occurs through pores or across cells

• release nutrients to cells

• gas exchange occurs here

• wastes are picked up

What are the functions of the mouth in digestion.

• food particles may be reduced in size

• food is moistened and lubricated for easier swallowing

• food is mixed with enzymes

• receive secretions of salivary glands

Lipophilic Characteristics:

• tends to act over longer periods

• membrane permeable

• fat soluble

• binds intracellular receptors

• carried in blood by binding proteins

Hydrophilic Characteristics:

• water soluble

• binds membrane receptors

• tends to act over shorter periods

• membrane impermeable

Since _________ hormones are _________, they cannot pass through the cell membrane. They instead elicit a cellular response by binding to a receptor on the plasma membrane and triggering the process of _________.

peptide; hydrophilic; signal transduction

Which statement about homeostasis is NOT correct?

Positive feedback mechanisms are common.

Insulin characteristics

• produced by beta cells of pancreas

• stimulated after a meal

• lowers blood glucose

• counteracts hyperglycemia

Glucagon characteristics

• stimulated between meals

• promotes hydrolysis of glycogen

• produced by alpha cells of pancreas

• increases blood glucose

• counteracts hypoglycemia

Blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and plasma proteins among some other components all in a fluid matrix. Based on this information, blood is classified as a connective tissue (T/F)

True

Which of the characteristics would you expect to find in all members of the bilateral?

specialized head region

Which answer choices is an example of the effector’s role in maintaining homeostasis?

increased sweating on a hot summer day

Individuals with type 2 diabetes produce insulin, but target cells do not respond to insulin by taking in sugar. In these individuals, blood glucose levels remain elevated. Which component of the feedback system is broken in these individuals?

the effector

The magnitude of the action potential is correlated with the strength of the stimulating input (T/F)

false

Which of the scenarios will most likely trigger an action potential? Select all that apply

A. Multiple excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) arriving close in time at a single synapse (temporal summation) on the postsynaptic cell

B. Single excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) arriving simultaneously at several different synapses (spatial summation) on the postsynaptic cell

C. an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSPs) and an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) arriving simultaneously on the postsynaptic cell (cancellation)

A and B

Inhibitory synapses are important for? Select all that apply

A. Facilitating activation of the postsynaptic neuron

B. Filtering out unimportant information

C. Coordinating movement

D. Increasing the number of action potentials fired

B and C

The most commonly used dental anesthetic is lidocaine. It blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels. Where along a facial nerve would you expect lidocaine to be active?

along the axon