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evolution theory proposed goals have
adaptive significance
adaptive significance
the importance of a trait or behavior for survival and reproduction
the primary influence of goal orientation
Motivation
originally, what was thought to explain goal orientation
Instincts
what is another thing that influences goal orientation
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
the drive to mantain a balance between the body and the mind
imbalanced homeostatic creates _____
drive
drive theory
People are motivated to act in order to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs (like hunger, thirst, or discomfort).
instinct theory
all animals have innate, biological, automatic instincts that helps us survive ans these instincts drive our motovations and behaviors
Biological motovation
the creation of biological drives, such as producing hunger to drive us to eat
Ozempic is like an increase in ______
Leptin
expectancy value theory
we look at how motivated people are based on their strength of expectancy and the value is escribed to their goal
Motovations come from ______
within
we falsely believe ______ can motivate us
rewards
Intrinsic Motivation
Doing something because you enjoy it or find it personally rewarding
Extrinsic Motivation
Doing something for an external reward or to avoid punishment. Example
over justification hypothesis
we begin to see the reawrd as the goal rather than the enjoyment as the goal
fear of failure (failure causes anxiety and anxiety is best avoided) is drived by ______ motivation
Extrinsic
Motive for sucess (thrill for victory and craving for learning) is drived by ______ motivation
Intrinsic
Self-Determination Theory
People are motivated when they feel autonomy (control), competence (capable), and relatedness (connected).
Dual-Instinct Theory (Freud)
Behavior is driven by two instincts: Eros (life/pleasure) and Thanatos (death/aggression).
approach approach
Two equally appealing tasks that want your attention
approach avoidance
a single goal has both a reason to pursue it and escape from it
avoidance avoidance
two equally inappealing task, neither which you want to do
Parkinson’s law
Work expands to fill the time available for its completion
happiness
more likely to believe things are possible, Increasing family and friend bonds, explore our environment ,increases optimism and goal orientation
anger
protects from loss, energizes to overcome obstacles
Fear
Discourages us from engaging in deadly activity, triggers fight or flight enhances learning
Sadness
elicits support from others, increases reflection, planning, adjusts expectations, raises level of introspection
Emotion triggers _______
action
nature of emotion: cognition influences _________
subjective experience
Eliciting Stimuli
something in the environment that triggers a response- (ex. seeing a snake while hiking)
Cognitive Appraisal
how we interpret a situation, which then shapes our emotions and reactions (ex.that snake poses a threat to my safety)
physiological response
how your body automatically reacts to a situation. (ex. rapid heart rate and breathing)
Two-Factor theory
Emotions are a result of two factors: physiological arousal (body response) and cognitive interpretation (how we label the situation).
