Stereotyping and prejudice

stereotypes

Overgeneralized beliefs about the traits and attributes of members of a particular group

Where do stereotypes come from

Cognitively efficient (like heuristics for people)

Outgroup homogeneity effect

The tendency to view outgroup members as more similar to each other than they really are

Own race bias

Difficulty distinguishing faces of other races

Illusory correlations

Perceiving a relationship where one does not exist

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Stereotypes affect behavior toward outgroup members in ways that confirm existing beliefs

Stereotype threat

Concern that one might do something to confirm a negative stereotype of their group

Disidentification

Removing effort and engagement in areas where your group has traditionally been underrepresented

Prejudice

A negative attitude toward an individual based solely on membership in a group

Discrimination

Negative behavior toward an individual based solely on membership in a group

Realistic group conflict

Prejudice is likely to arise when groups compete for limited resources

Faceism

Sexism in media photos

Ingroup bias

Tendency to favor one’s own group

Ingroup

“Us” a group who shares a sense of belonging and a feeling of common identity

Outgroup

“them “ a group perceived as distinctly different from or apart from the ingroup

Minimal group paradigm

Create groups that have no social reality

Institutional discrimination

Laws and policies that unfairly disadvantage certain groups

Implicit prejudice

negative attitudes toward a group of people below the level of conscious awareness

Stigma consciousness

Expectation that others will define you based on your membership in a stigmatized group

Attributional ambiguity

Uncertainty about whether negative experiences are due to prejudice

Contact hypothesis

Contact between members of different groups lead to more positive intergroup attitudes

Equal status

Contact must be with people of equal status best if friendships form

Cooperation

Sometimes more than contact is required

Superordinate goals

Shared goals that require cooperation

Perspective taking

Vividly imagining the experiences of another person

Self-affirmation

Reduces defensiveness, also prejudice

Multicultural ideology

Acknowledging and appreciating different cultural identities and world views