DNA Test Fill In The Blanks Flashcards(Updated To End Of First Packet)

Hershey and Chase experiments proved that __________ is genetic material.

DNA

In Hershey and Chase Experiment 1, Viruses were labeled with __________ and incubated with __________. They were then mixed in a blender to remove __________ particles attached to the bacteria cells. This blending caused stuff inside the blender to be __________ and form a bacteria pellet without the viruses. This resulted in viral __________ being found inside the bacteria.

32P, E. Coli, Virus, Centrifuged, DNA

In Hershey and Chase Experiment 2, viral __________ in capsids were labeled with __________ and incubated with __________. They were then mixed in a blender to remove virus particles and centrifuged into a bacteria pellet. This resulted in the labeled proteins to __________ __________ found inside the bacteria.

proteins, 35S, E. Coli, not be

The Hershey and Chase experiments proved that Viruses inject their __________ __________ into bacteria, not their __________.

nucleic acids, capsids

Watson and Crick won a Nobel Prize for determining the __________ of DNA.

structure

DNA is a __________ __________ shape and can be compared to a __________ ladder.

Double Helix, Twisted

DNA is composed of __________ called nucleotides.

monomers

DNA's Nucleotides have __________ parts. A __________ acid(phosphate), a __________ sugar, and one of the 4 possible __________ bases.

three, phosphoric, nitrogen

The four possible nitrogen bases for DNA are __________, __________, __________, and __________.

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

Adenine and Guanine are __________ bases because they have a __________-ring structure.

purine, double

__________ and __________ are pyrimidine bases because they have a __________-ring structure.

Cytosine, Thymine, single

A DNA molecule has __________ chains of nucleotides arranged in a __________ configuration.

two, ladder

Alternating sugar and phosphate groups form __________ of ladder(DNA).

sides

__________ are made up of paired nitrogen bases.

Rungs

__________ __________ __________ states that purine only pairs with corresponding pyrimidine. Adenine pairs with __________, and Guanine pairs with __________.(In DNA)

Complementary Base Pairing, Thymine, Cytosine

__________ Bonds form between complementary nitrogen bases. Adenine and Thymine have __________ hydrogen bonds between them, Cytosine and Guanine have __________ hydrogen bonds between them.

Hydrogen, Two, Three

The side of a Nucleotide chain that ends with a sugar(and OH group) is called the __________ end and the side that ends with a phosphate is called the __________ end.

3'(three prime), 5'(five prime)

DNA replicates through a process called ___________-__________ __________, which occurs during the __________-phase of Interphase.

Semi Conservative Replication, S(Synthesis)

Semi-conservative replication creates __________ identical daughter DNA molecules(also identical to parent molecule) that are composed of __________ old DNA and __________ new DNA. This means each daughter DNA molecule has one __________ chain of nucleotides and one old chain of nucleotides from the parent DNA molecule.

two, 1/2, 1/2, new

Before replication begins, the two strands of the parent molecule are __________-bonded together.

hydrogen

The enzyme __________ unwinds and unzips the double stranded DNA.

helicase

New DNA nucleotides fit into place along divided strands through __________ __________ __________.

complementary base pairing

DNA __________ forms h-bonds between new and old nucleotides.

polymerase

DNA __________ repairs any breaks in the sugar-__________ backbone.

ligase, phosphate

Two Daughter DNA molecules form from semi-conservative replication that are __________ to the parent DNA molecule.

identical

DNA replicates in a __________ to __________ direction on the new strand.

5', 3'

The parental _________ refers to the original parent DNA molecule.

duplex

The RNA __________ starts DNA replication.

primer

The RNA primer can only bond to the __________ end because it has an __________ group that is needed to start DNA replication.

5', OH

__________ progression refers to the way that DNA unzips, creating a "Y" shape.

Fork

The __________ strand replicates toward the fork.

leading

The __________ strand replicates away from the fork.

lagging

__________ fragments are only found on the lagging strand.

Okazaki

The lagging strand has __________ RNA primer(s) and the leading strand has __________ RNA primer(s).

multiple, one

DNA __________ connects Okazaki fragments together.

ligase

A gene is a segment of __________ that codes for a __________.

DNA, protein

Genes determine the __________ of amino acids in a protein.

sequence

Genes are stored in the form of __________ code.

nucleotide

A difference in the nitrogen base sequence causes a difference in protein __________.

structure

A gene does not directly control __________ __________.

protein synthesis

Genes first pass genetic infromation to __________,

RNA

3 types of __________ are involved in proetin synthesis.

RNA

________ __________ is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is turned into a protein.

Gene expression

RNA is composed of monomers called nucleotides different from ________ nucleotides.

DNA

Each RNA nucleotide has __________ parts, a phosphate, __________ sugar, and the same nitrogen bases as DNA nucleotides except Thymine is replaced by __________.

three, ribose, Uracil

There are __________ major classes of RNA.

three

mRNA carries genetic information from the __________ out to __________.

rRNA compose ________, and is where __________ are assembled.

tRNA brings __________ __________ to the ribosomes.

DNA, ribosomes

ribosomes, proteins

amino acids

mRNA --> __________ RNA.

tRNA --> __________ RNA.

rRNA --> __________ RNA

messenger

transfer

ribosomal

RNA is a __________-stranded molecule.

single

RNA does not have a __________ shape.

helix

__________ converts DNA code into mRNA code.

Transcription

In Transcription, a segment of __________ serves as a template for the production of ___________. This segment is called the __________ __________.

DNA, mRNA, template strand

There are two halves of DNA, a template strand and a __________ strand. The template strand is the side we use to make __________ during Transcription.

coding, mRNA

On the template strand, the RNA __________ binds to the __________ region of the gene and slides through the __________ region until it reaches the __________ region and detatches creating a strand of primary mRNA

polymerase, promoter, coding, terminator

During transcription, the DNA helix is opened so __________ __________ __________ can occur.

complementary base pairing

The RNA polymerase joins new RNA __________ in a sequence complementary to that on the DNA.

nucleotides

After Transcription, __________ processing occurs. Primary mRNA becomes __________ mRNA and is sent to __________.

mRNA, mature, ribosomes

In mRNA processing, __________ sequences are removed and a 3' __________-A-tail as well as a 5' __________ cap are added.

intron, poly, guanine

Introns and Exons BOTH contain __________ bases complementary to the template strand of DNA.

nitrogen

__________ are enzymes that splice exon segments together and get rid of intron segments.

snRNPs

The size of the__________-__________-__________ and __________ __________ determines how many times the strand of mRNA can be read.

poly-A-tail, guanine cap

__________ segments are useless

intron

ribosomes are found in the __________.

cytoplasm

The goal of the guanine cap and poly-A-tail is to protect the __________ strand.

mRNA

__________ is the conversion of mRNA into a polypeptide chain(almost finished protein).

Translation

The genetic code of mRNA molecules are organized in a __________ code formation with each 3-nucleotide unit of mRNA making up a __________.

triplet, codon

There are __________ different mRNA codons. Out of these, only __________ code for amino acids because __________ are stop codons that signal for polypeptide termination.

64, 61, 3

Codons have __________ code because multiple codons code for the same amino acids.

redundant

Redundant code provides protection against __________.

mutations

There is only one codon that creates the amino acid __________ which signals polypeptide initiation.

methionine

The start codon is __________ and the three stop codons are __________, __________, and __________.

AUG, UAA, UAG, UGA

At the start of Translation, tRNA transports amino acids to the __________.

ribosomes

tRNA is a single stranded nucleic acid that correlates a specific nucleotide sequence with a specific __________ __________.

amino acid

One end of the tRNA contains the amino acid and the other contains __________.

anticodons

Anti-codons can complementary base pair with __________ codons.

mRNA

the __________ of mRNA codons determines the order in which __________ brings in amino acids.

order, tRNA

Ribosomes are made up of __________ and multiple proteins arranged into two pieces called the __________ subunit and the _________ subunit.

rRNA, small, large

Ribosomes have a binding site for mRNA and __________ tRNAs.

two

__________ facilitate complementary base pairing.

Ribosomes

During Translation, _________ ribosomes can move along the same strand of mRNA.

multiple

Stop Codons have __________ factors bonded to them.

release

During Translation, ribosomes move along __________ and new __________ come in and line up in order.

mRNA, tRNAs

During Translation, tRNAs bring in specific amino acids that eventually form a __________ chain.

polypeptide

There are 3 steps of Translation:

Chain __________

Chain __________

Chain __________

initiation, elongation, termination

In Chain initiation, the __________ ribosomal subunit attatches to the mRNA at the __________ codon, the anticodon of the initiator tRNA-methionine complex binds to the __________ codon and finally the __________ ribosomal subunit connects to the small ribosomal subunit.

small, start, start, large

In Chain elongation, __________ __________ are added one at a time, each new tRNA-amino acid complex at the second binding site receives a __________ from the tRNA at the __________ binding site. After tRNA gives its amino acid, it breaks away and the __________ moves forward one codon. The tRNA at the second site now occupies the __________ site. Movement of the ribosome is called __________.

amino acids, peptide, first, ribosome, first, translocation

In Chain termination, the ribosome reaches a __________ codon and an enzyme takes out the __________ chain from the last tRNA. The ribosome then breaks back into 2 __________. The chain produced is then sent to the ___________ endoplasmic reticulum.

stop, polypeptide, subunits, rough

DNA found in __________ is made up of triplet base code.

nucleus

Gene mutations are a change in base code __________.

sequence

The three types of gene mutations are:

Erros in __________

__________

__________

Replication, Mutagens, Transposons

Errors in replication are rare because the __________ __________ proof reads new DNA strands and errors are fixed.

DNA polymerase

Mutagens are environmental influences that damage DNA strands such as __________, __________ light, and __________. This is rare because DNA __________ enzymes consistently monitor and repair DNA.

radiation, UV, chemicals, repair

Transposons are segments of __________ that "jump" to new locations and disrupt sequences.

DNA

Thalidomide is a __________ that doesn't change DNA but interferes with the __________ of an organism.

teratogen, development

Gene cloning makes many copies of a gene __________.

asexually

rDNA(recombinant DNA) contains DNA from __________ or more sources.

two

The __________ enzyme breaks open __________ DNA>

restriction, vector

Vector is a __________ and when it replicates, the inserted genes are also cloned.

Restriction enzymes break open vector DNA at specifc sequence bases called __________ __________.

sticky ends

Foreign DNA to be inserted is also split by restriction enzyme so the __________ match.

ends