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Democracy

A term which refers to a way of governing which depends on the will of the people

Representative Democracy

Form of democracy in which people vote for representatives who then vote on policy initiatives; as apposed to direct democracy

House of Representatives

151 Members

Continues for 3 years

Decides matters of national interest, represents the interest of people, proposes and votes for bills and amendments

Senate

76 Senators

6 Years

Represents interests, debates and votes bills and amendments

Political Party

Group of people who share similar political ideologies, values and goals

Independent

A group that operates outside the major established political parties, representing particular interest groups and issues

Role independents fufill

Focus on specific issues commonly overlooked by major parties, can hold the balance of power

Preferential voting

Voters rank candidates in order of preference, votes are redistributed until a candidate secure more than 50% of the votes

Proportional representation

Candidates are elected based on quotas, with votes distributed as needed to fill all seats

Absolute majority

When a candidate receives more than 50% of all possible votes

Two party system

Where two major political parties dominate the political landscape, holding a majority of the power

How government is formed

Elected through either the preferential voting system or the proportional voting system

ALP, led by Anthony Albanese, won the majority of the seats

What happens on election day?

Voters arrive in the designated polling places and receive their ballot papers.

Papers are filled out in private voting booths to ensure secrecy before casting their votes

Preliminary counting begins immediately after polling places close

Appeal

Process by which a party to a court requests a higher court to review the decision of a lower court

Jurisdiction

Court system that ensures that cases are heard by the appropriate court

Hierarchy

High Court of Australia

Supreme Court of Appeals

Supreme Court

District Court

Magistrates Court

High Court

Appeals criminal and civil matters from lower courts

Supreme Court of Appeals

Hears appeals against convictions and sentences

Regards appeals concerning civil matters, contract disputes and tort claims

Supreme Court

Jurisdiction over serious criminal offences and all civil matters, handling significant and complex cases

District Court

Hears appeals against not-so serious offenses, handles civil claims and commercial disputes

Magistrates Court

Appeals against summary offenses, civil claims and minor claims as well as limited family matters

Children’s Court

Handles all criminal cases involving juveniles under 18

Precedent

Law developed by judges through decisions of earlier courts and an understanding of current context

Justice

Application of the rule of law, applying legal rules to resolve disputes

Common Law v Statutory Interpretation

When courts make law, they are creating new legal principles. When courts interpret law, they are applying existing statues.

Donghue v Stevenson

1928

First case ever recorded of negligence

Relates to law of negligence, tort of law

Grant v Australian Knitting Mills

1931

Precedent used from Dongue v Stevenson due to negligence

corruption

Any form of dishonest or unethical behaviour that causes people to break rules for their own gain

Equality before the law

Applies to all people equally regardless of their status in society

Independant judiciary

Concept that the judiciary should be independent from other branches of government

Right of appeal

A person who has been found guilty of a crime can appeal against their conviction and/or sentence

Trial by jury

In most criminal cases, a jury hears evidence, applies law as directed by the judge and decides if one is guilty or not of a crime

How equality before the law upholds justice

All people must equally answer for their actions under the law and must be applied to each person in the same way

How independant judiciary upholds justice

Judges who are independent and not influenced by external pressures ensures their decisions are solely based on the facts

How right of appeal upholds justice

Appeals allow higher courts to review and correct errors, ensures legal mistakes are identified

Elements of rule of law: Supremacy

Asserts that law is supreme and all individuals are bound by it

Elements of rule of law: Equality before the law

All individuals are equal under the law and have the right to equal protection

Elements of rule of law: Accountability to the law

Everyone is accountable under the law

Industrial Revolution

Period of rapid growth in using machines for manufacturing and production that first began in the mid 1700s

Agricultural revolution

A series of changes in farming practices that paved the way for the country to increase in population and improve its manufacturing methods

Short term impacts of the ir

Goods became more accessible, manufacturing and transportation was revolutionised

Child labor and exploitation of workers, factories being unsafe leading to health problems

Long term impacts of the ir

The rapid evolution of labor-saving inventions, rise of a middle class

Deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, overcrowding

When did wwi occur

July 28 1914 - november 11 1918

How did wwi start

The assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand on set off a chain of events and alliances that led to war

long term causes of wwi

alliances were formed

economic rivalry-competition between nations for wealth, resources and markets

main events of gallipoli

campaign was a military defeat, but the battles fought established the reputation of the anzacs

anzac cove 25 april 1915, third turkish attack 19 may 1915

outcomes of gallipoli

allied suffered 220,000 casualties out of 500,000, the turks suffered just as many

turks victory at gallipolli rejuvenated the ottoman war effort

where and when was gallipoli and who was involved

25 april 1915

beaches of gallipoli in turkey

british army, france, british-india, australia, new zealand

gallipoli conditions and results

the hot climate and unsanitary conditions led to huge swarms of flies, plaguing the men who served there

44,000 allied soldiers died, including more than 8700 australians

how successful was gallipoli

unsucessful for the allies, but campaign helped to draw ottoman troops away from caucasus front