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What are the normal sodium levels?
135-145 mmol/L
What is hypernatremia?
too much sodium in the blood
What are the causes of hypernatremia?
water loss: sweating, dehydration, fever, diabetes insipidus (low ADH)
sodium gain: excess salt intake
Hypernatremia S&S
thirst
irritability
weakness
confusion
What is hyponatremia?
too little sodium in the blood
What are the causes of hyponatremia?
too much water (dilution): excess IV fluids (hypotonic)
sodium loss + water replacement: vomiting, diarrhea, diuretics
fluid overload states: HF, kidney failure
Hyponatremia S&S
tachycardia
weakness
nausea, vomiting