Biology Finals Review Sem 1

These flashcards cover core biological principles and systems, focusing on homeostasis, cellular structures, immune responses, and the functions of various organ systems.

What is the function of ribosomes?

Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, where genetic instructions are translated into polypeptide chains.

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport to their final destinations.

What are the levels of biological organization?

1. Organelle - Specialized structures within a cell.
2. Cell - The basic unit of structure and function in living things.
3. Tissue - A group of similar cells working together.
4. Organ - A collection of tissues that carry out a specific function.
5. Organ System - A group of organs that work together to perform complex tasks.
6. Organism - An individual living thing.

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

Water enters the cell via osmosis; animal cells may swell and burst (lyse), while plant cells become turgid due to the support of the cell wall.

What is the difference between diffusion and active transport?

Diffusion is a passive process moving molecules from high to low concentration without energy, whereas active transport requires ATP to move molecules against a concentration gradient.

What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

The Rough ER is involved in protein production and transport, while the Smooth ER is responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification.

What is the role of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

Alveoli are tiny air sacs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs between the lungs and the blood.

What is the primary function of the small intestine?

The small intestine is the principal site for chemical digestion and the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Mitochondria are the primary sites of cellular respiration, converting chemical energy from nutrients into ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

What is the role of the cell nucleus?

The nucleus acts as the control center of the cell, housing the genetic material (DNA) and regulating activities such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

What is the function of the cell membrane?

The cell membrane is a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer that regulates the entry and exit of substances to maintain cellular homeostasis.

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

Water leaves the cell via osmosis; animal cells shrivel or undergo crenation, while plant cells undergo plasmolysis, where the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall.

What is the function of lysosomes?

Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes used to digest macromolecules, repair cell membranes, and respond against foreign substances like bacteria.