Unit 4 (Period 2: 1450-1750)

Transoceanic interconnections

Bartholomew Diaz

sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 into unknown waters then returned home for fear of a mutiny

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima

Henry Hudson

Dutch explorer that sailed up the Hudson River in search of a northwest passage in 1609

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world

Yemelyan Pugachev

Cossack who began a peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great in 1774 for giving the nobility power over the serfs on their lands in exchange for political loyalty; Pugachev Rebellion

Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. 42.Hidalgos: lesser Spanish nobles of the New World

Samuel de Champlain

French navigator known as "The Father of New France" who founded New France and Quebec City

Mercantilism

European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country

Capitalism

the economic system of large financial institutions -banks, stock exchanges, investment companies-that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy, is often distinguished from industrial capitalism, the system based on machine production

Joint Stock Companies

businesses that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks and profits among many investors

Cash Crop

sellable crop that is grown and gathered for the market such as sugar and tobacco

Trading Post Empires

empire based on small outposts rather than control of large territories

Maritime Empires

empires such as Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland that were based upon sea travel

Middle Passage

the part of the Atlantic Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas

Northwest Passage

a route through or around North America that would lead to East Asia and the trade there

Mit’a System

labor obligation in Peru that required a percentage of the adult male Amerindians to work for two to four months each year in mines, farms, or textile factories

Galleons

Spanish trading ships that made round-trip sailing voyages once or twice per year across the Pacific Ocean

Boyars

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts

Indentured Servant

a migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years

Peninsulares

those who were born on the Iberian peninsula and stood at the top of the social pyramid in Latin America

Mestizos

the term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent

Mulatto

the term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494 treaty in which Spain and Portugal divided the Americas between them

Pueblo Revolt

revolt in 1860 of the Pueblo and Apache against the Spanish which temporarily drove the Spanish out of the area that is now New Mexico

McCartney Missions

(1792-1793) the unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire

Maroon Wars

enslaved peoples in the Caribbean and former Spanish territories in the Americas fought to gain freedom

Asante Empire

African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680

Maratha Empire

Indian power that existed from 1674 to 1818 and ruled over a large area of the Indian subcontinent; credited with ending Mughal rule in India

Manila

Spanish commercial center of the Philippines that attracted merchants

Hispaniola

name Columbus gave to the island that is now Haiti and the Dominican Republic