AP psych growth and learning

Sensimotor stage

birth to 2 years old- language, object performance

object performance

ability to form mental pictures of objects that are no longer there

preoperational

2-6 years- conservation, egocentrism

conservation

understanding a change in shape is not a change is quantity (ex different glass of water)

concrete operational

6-12 years- logical thinking, best done with hands on

formal operational

12 years- adulthood- understanding of abstract concepts

secure attachment

ability to explore confidently and return to the caregiver

preconventional morality

choices based of reward or punishment

conventional morality

morals based on law and public opinion

postconventional morality

moral choices based on personal opinion

conditioned stimulus

event whose significance is learned through classical conditioning

unconditioned stimulus

elicits a response without prior experience

conditioned response

learned through conditioning

unconditioned response

requires no previous experience

generalization

tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

discrimination

ability to differentiate between stimuli

higher-order conditioning

stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit a conditioned response

fixed ratio reinforcement

occurs after a set number of behaviors

variable ratio reinforcement

occurs after a variable amount of behaviors

fixed interval reinforcement

first response after a specified interval is rewarded

variable interval reinforcement

first response following a variable interval is reinforced

latent learning

learning in the absence of reinforcement

token economies

tokens can be exchanged for other reinforcers

babinski

stroking toes causes toes to spread

blink

eyes close in response to strong stimuli

moro

if the head tips back, the arms spread then do a hug motion

palmar

placing an object in the hand causes grasping

rooting

stroking the cheek causes the mouth to open and turn to the touch

stepping

placing feet on a flat surface causes a stepping motion

sucking

a newborn sucks on anything that touches the roof of the mouth

zygote

weeks 1-2, germ layers

embryo

weeks 3-8, nervous system and organs form, sex organs differentiate

fetus

9- birth, growth of existing organs, REM sleep, good hearing from 7th month

newborn

first 28 days, reflexes, sleep a lot, improving senses, preference for faces

authoritarian

high regulation, low support

authoritative

high regulation, high support

indulgent

high support, low regulation

absent

low support, low regulation

primary reinforcer

used for survival, like food

secondary reinforcer

value is learned