Psy as level psychology being investigated

Bystander

A person who is present but not directly involved in a situation.

Bystander apathy

When a bystander does not show concern for a person in need.

Diffusion of responsibility hypothesis

States that individuals may be less likely to take action in an emergency when others are present, due to a reduced sense of personal responsibility.

Social pressure

The influence of a person or group on another individual or group.

Obedience

Complying with the orders of an authority figure.

Destructive obedience

Complying with orders of an authority figure to the extent that it causes harm to others.

Agentic state

When an individual gives up their freewill and acts as an agent to authority.

Autonomous state

When an individual denies the orders of authority and responds according to their own free will.

Interpersonal distance

The relative distance between people, an essential part of social interactions.

Oxytocin (OT)

A social hormone that helps regulate social thinking and behavior.

Empathy

How people respond to the observed experiences of others, seeing or imagining their experiences.

Social salience

The importance or attention someone gives to cues from other people.

Social Learning Theory

States that individuals learn behaviors through imitation and observation of a model.

Model

A person who inspires or encourages others to imitate behaviors.

Aggression

A behavior aimed at harming others, either physically or psychologically.

Operant conditioning

A process of learning through reinforcement and punishment.

Positive reinforcer

A reward for displaying a certain behavior.

Primary reinforcer

A reward that fulfills basic biological needs.

Secondary reinforcer

Rewards that an individual learns to desire but do not fulfill biological needs.

Punishment

An undesired stimulus used to discourage certain behaviors.

False memory

Believing an event occurred that may not have actually happened.

Eyewitness testimony

Evidence provided by an individual who witnessed a crime.

Line-up

A procedure where a witness identifies a perpetrator among a group of people or photographs.

Doodling

Sketching or drawing patterns while thinking about something else.

Divided attention

The ability to split mental effort between two or more simultaneous tasks.

Working memory model

A model that suggests memory can be auditory or visuo-spatial.

Theory of mind

The cognitive ability to understand the needs and emotions of others.

Autism

A disorder where individuals struggle to understand the needs and emotions of others.

REM Stage

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement and dreaming.

Circadian Rhythm

A daily cycle that repeats, such as the sleep/wake cycle.

Ultradian Rhythm

A cycle that repeats more often than daily, such as periods of dreaming every 90 minutes.

Socialisation

The process of learning to behave in socially acceptable ways.

Gender stereotype

A biased belief that all members of one gender share the same characteristics.

Mindfulness

A stress reduction technique achieved through meditation that increases awareness of the present moment.

Localisation of function

The concept that specific brain areas are responsible for different activities.