t2 description

general characteristics of Myeloblast

15-20 um, nucleus is 80% of cell holds 2-5 nucleoli and chromatin is loose, cytoplasm is deep blue with no granules, and is capable of mitosis.

general characteristics of Promyelocyte

12-24 um, nucleus 60-70% of cell, may contain nucleoli and chromatin becomes loose, cytoplasm is blue to reddish purple with non-specific granules, and is capable of mitosis. Granules contain myeloperoxidase, acid phosphatase, and RNA.

general characteristics of Myelocyte

10-18 um, nucleus 60% of cell, chromatin becomes moderately clumped, nucleus is oval shaped and central in the cell, cytoplasm is pinkish with specific granules like lysozyme and plasminogen activators, and is capable of mitosis, losses RNA.

general characteristics of Metamyelocyte

10-18 um, chromatin becomes more clumped, nucleus is kidney shaped and central in the cell, cytoplasmic specific granules become more distinguished.

general characteristics of Neutrophilic Band

10-15 um, nucleus 30-40% of cell, chromatin becomes coarse, nucleus is sausage shaped, cytoplasm contains tiny lilac/ rose-colored granules of lysosomes, first in the Neutrophilic series to be found in peripheral blood.

general characteristics of Segmented Neutrophil

10-15 um, nucleus becomes lobed with filament connecting them, 2-5 lobes per cell, cytoplasm contains lilac/rose color granules of lysosomes.

general characteristics of Basophil

10-15 um, cytoplasm contains large purple/black color granules of heparin and histamine.

general characteristics of Eosinophil

10-15 um, cytoplasm contains medium orange-red color granules of histaminase and major basic protein.

Categorize the granulocytic cell line series as to which cells are found in the following compartments: Mitotic Pool

stem cells, myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte.

Categorize the granulocytic cell line series as to which cells are found in the following compartments: Maturing/Storage Pool

metamyelocyte, banded Neutrophil, segmented Neutrophil.

Categorize the granulocytic cell line series as to which cells are found in the following compartments: Peripheral Blood Circulation

banded Neutrophil and segmented Neutrophil.

general characteristics of Lymphoblast

first differentiated cell in the lymphocytic series. 10-20 um in diameter. Has increased nucleus to cytoplasm ratio, 1-2 nucleoli, fine and lacy nuclear chromatin. Cytoplasm is deeply basophilic.

general characteristics of Prolymphocyte

the second cell in the lymphocytic series. 9-18 um in diameter. Nucleus may still contain nucleoli, nuclear chromatin is more dense than the blast stage. Cytoplasm is lighter blue and may show few azurophilic granules.

general characteristics of Mature lymphocyte

Nuclear chromatin is dense and clumped. Cytoplasm is abundant and pale blue, and may contain azurophilic granules. B-Lymphocytes are 15-30 um in diameter while T-Lymphocytes are 6-10 um in diameter.

general characteristics of Plasmablast

8-20 um in diameter. The nucleus is eccentrically located, has 2-4 nucleoli, has a fine and lacy chromatin pattern. Cytoplasm is dark blue and has small perinuclear halo (Golgi Apparatus).

general characteristics of Proplasmacyte

15-25 um in diameter. The nucleus is small, eccentric, and round. Nucleus may contain nucleoli and has a coarse nuclear chromatin pattern. Cytoplasm is a deep blue and has a large perinuclear halo (hof).

general characteristics of Plasma Cell

10-20 um in diameter. The nucleus is round and eccentric. Nuclear chromatin pattern has a spoke wheel pattern and has no nucleoli. Cytoplasm is a deep blue and perinuclear halo is most abundant.

general characteristics of Russell Body/ Mott Cell/ Morula Cell

protein secretions of globules from plasma cells.

general characteristics of Flame Cell

red/ pink tinge.

general characteristics of Monoblast

first differentiated cell in the monocytic series. 15-20 um in diameter. The nucleus is round or oval, has 1-2 nucleoli, delicate chromatin, and has an increased nucleus to cytoplasm ratio. The cytoplasm is deeply basophilic.

general characteristics of Promonocyte

15-35 um in diameter. Nucleus may contain nucleoli and have a lacy chromatin pattern. Cytoplasm is a blue-gray with fine azurophilic granules.

general characteristics of Mature Monocyte

14-20 um in diameter. Largest white blood cell in normal peripheral blood. The nucleus is kidney bean shaped. Can also be horse shoe, folded, oval, round, or lobulated. Chromatin is lacy and convoluted. The cytoplasm is abundant, opaque, and blue-gray in color. Cytoplasm contains vacuoles ground glass granules appearance. Cytoplasm may contain phagocytosis material and granules contain lipozyme, collasenase, acid phosphatase, and elastase.

appearance of Toxic granulation

coarse, dark purple granules found in the cytoplasm of Neutrophils. Primary granules become more visible than in normal Neutrophils.

appearance of Döhle Bodies

pale or light blue staining bodies found in the cytoplasm of Neutrophils.

appearance of Hypersegmentation

Neutrophils with more than 5 lobes.

appearance of Pelger-Huët Anomaly

a failure of the Neutrophil to segment properly (hyposegmentation). Clumped nuclear chromatin pattern.

appearance of Acquired Pelger-Huët Anomaly- - round nucleus, Clumped chromatin, hyporegulation, and granulocytic leukemia.

appearance of Reactive (Atypical) Lymphocytes- - lymphocytes that have been activated by the Immune system. Atypical cytoplasm and/or nucleus morphology.

appearance of Smudge cell

disintegrating nucleus ruptured WBC. Can happen when blood film is made.

appearance of Auer Bodies (Rods)

red rod, found in the cytoplasm of myeloblast, promyloblast, and/or monoblast. Never lymphoblast.

appearance of May-Hegglin Anomaly

Döhle body-like inclusions found in Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and monocytes. Platelets are usually decreased in number and giant platelets can be seen in peripheral blood.

appearance of Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

rare genetic disorder. Faintly colored green-gray, large lysosomes found in the cytoplasm of Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, and Monocytes.

clinical conditions associated with Toxic granulation

acute infections, malignant disorders, burn patients, and drug therapy.

clinical conditions associated with Döhle Bodies

May-Hegglin Anomaly, acute infection, and burn patients.

clinical conditions associated with Hypersegmentation

Nuclear asynchronism, vitamin b12 deficiency, pernicious anemia, folic acid deficiency, chemotherapy.

clinical conditions associated with Pelger-Huët Anomaly

pince-nez form, functional normal.

clinical conditions associated with Acquired Pelger-Huët Anomaly- - granulocytic leukemia.

clinical conditions associated with Reactive (Atypical) Lymphocytes

viral infections of infectious mononucleosis (epstein-barr virus)

clinical conditions associated with Smudge cell

greater than 5% smudge cells in a differential count. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

clinical conditions associated with Auer Bodies (Rods)

found in approximately 50% of the patients with acute myelocytic and/or monocytic leukemia.

clinical conditions associated with May-Hegglin Anomaly

patients have bleeding disorders and inherited-platelet disorder.

clinical conditions associated with Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome

children die very young, albinism, silver hair, and bleeding problems.

Identify the composition of the morphologic anomalies Döhle Bodies

Aggregates of RNA from the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Identify the composition of the morphologic anomalies Auer Rods

fused primary granules within the cell.

Identify the site of development and the time line of development Mesoblastic Period

yolk sac, (first 2-8 week of fetal life)

Identify the site of development and the time line of development Hepatic Period

liver, (2th-7th month gestation)

Identify the site of development and the time line of development Adulthood

bone marrow, (5th month of feral life into adulthood.)

general characteristics of Rubriblast (pronormoblast)

14-24 um, the nucleus fills 80% of the cell and appears as large, round, and light purple with 1-2 nucleoli.

general characteristics of Prorubricyte (basophilic normoblast)

12-17 um, the nucleus fills 75% of the cell and usually no nucleoli are seen

general characteristics of Rubricyte (polychromatophilic normoblast)

10-15 um, the nucleus fills 25-50% of the cell and has no nucleoli but has coarse strands of chromatin.

general characteristics of Metarubricyte (orthochromatic normoblast)

8-12 um, the nucleus fills 25% of the cell and has a condensed pyknotic nucleus.

general characteristics of Reticulocyte (polychromatophilic erythrocyte)

7-10 um, there is no nucleus.

general characteristics of Mature Erythrocyte

6-8 um, there is no nucleus.

general characteristics of Echinocyte/Burr Cell

many short regular spines of the cell membrane

general characteristics of Acanthocyte

3-12 projections, no central pellet.

general characteristics of Codocyte (Target)

target shaped with a central color and ring of pallor on a smear.

general characteristics of Drepanocyte (Sickle Cell)

crescent shape cells

general characteristics of Elliptocyte

cigar shaped

general characteristics of Ovalocyte

egg shaped

general characteristics of Schistocyte

RBC fragment in peripheral circulation

general characteristics of Dacrocyte (Teardrop)

Teardrop shaped

general characteristics of Stomatocyte

mouth like slits in RBCs

general characteristics of Keratocyte (Blister)

1-2 irregular projection from one side of the cell

general characteristics of Helmet (Bite Cell)

2 projections on the sides

Describe the pathology of Echinocyte/Burr Cell

no pathology due to improper drying of blood film. Due to the hypertonic environment.

Describe the pathology of Acanthocyte

accumulation of fatty acids on the surface of RBCs and increased cholesterol to phospholipid ratios.

Describe the pathology of Codocyte (Target)

excess cholesterol in the plasma increases the cell membrane lipid, increasing surface area to volume.

Describe the pathology of Drepanocyte (Sickle Cell)

abnormal hemoglobins

Describe the pathology of Elliptocyte

abnormality in the protein spectrin mainly asymptomatic occasionally a mild anemia.

Describe the pathology of Ovalocyte

abnormality in the protein spectrin mainly asymptomatic occasionally a mild anemia.

Describe the pathology of Schistocyte

mechanical damage, artificial heart valves, physical damage, fibrin strands in DIC

Describe the pathology of Dacrocyte (Teardrop)

cells with inclusions bodice from Teardrop cells as they pass through the microcirculation

Describe the pathology of Stomatocyte

due to a membrane defect that leads to an increased permeability to sodium

Describe the pathology of Keratocyte (Blister)

red cells that get caught on fibrin strains but form a vacuole rather than splitting in half

Describe the pathology of Helmet (Bite Cell)

forms as a result of the spleen removing inclusion bodies from the cell.

clinical significance of Echinocyte/ Burr Cell

dehydration, uremia

clinical significance of Acanthocyte

abetalipoproteinensis, liver disease, Congenital acanthocytosis, alcohol intoxication.

clinical significance of Codocyte (Target)

various anemia's, liver disease, beta thalassemia, hemoglobinophthics

clinical significance of Drepanocyte (Sickle Cell)

Sickle Cell anemia

clinical significance of Elliptocyte

hereditary elliptocytosis

clinical significance of Ovalocyte

megaloblast anemia, vitamin b 12, folic acid deficiency, pernicious anemia.

clinical significance of Schistocyte

burns, ftp, march hemoglobin units

clinical significance of Dacrocyte (Teardrop)

thalassemia, myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, drug induced heinz body formation.

clinical significance of Stomatocyte

hereditary stomatocytosis, acute alcoholism, liver disease, rh nail disease.

clinical significance of Keratocyte (Blister)

burns, ftp, march hemoglobin units

clinical significance of Helmet (Bite Cell)

g6pd deficient, conditions with inclusions

description of Normocytes

7 microns, 76-100 fl

description of Microcytes

less than 6 microns, <76 fl

description of Macrocytes

greater than 9 microns, >100 fl

conditions that could cause Microcytes

iron deficiency anemia, beta thalassemia major.

conditions that could cause Spherocytes

hereditary spherocytosis, any condition that damages the cell membrane, aging red cells, blood of transfusion patients (lack of atp to maintain RBC membrane integrity), DIC, autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia.

conditions that could cause Macrocytes

vitamin b12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency, newborns, pernicious anemia.

appearance of Normochromic Cells

red/pink color that represents normal hemoglobin concentration.

appearance of Polychromatic Cells

pale blue-gray, usually reticulocytes which are slightly larger than erythrocytes

appearance of Hypochromatic Cells

the central pallor of erythrocytes is larger than normal.

appearance of Basophilic Stippling

dark blue to black dust like granules

appearance of Howell-Jolly Bodies

round 1-2 um dark purple stained dots. 1 or 2 inclusions per affected RBC

appearance of Cabot rings

red or reddish purple with a delicate ring or figure eights loop structures within the affected RBC

appearance of Siderocytic Granules (Pappenheimer Bodies)

faint violet granules often seen in clusters

appearance of Heinz Bodies

blue-black round crystal inclusion