AP World - Unit 5 [1750 to 1900]

John Locke

John Locke

Writer of the Social Contract

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Philosopher who also expanded on Locke’s ideas within the Social Contract; “Could overthrow an unjust government”

Conservatism

An -ism that specifically tied to following more traditional practices rather than following new ideologies

Anti-Semitism

Anti-Jewish beliefs that would sometimes be prevalent around the world

Enlightenment

The name given to this time period occurring throughout the 1750s-1900s that were based on various different -isms and ideologies

Feminism

The ideology that women deserve more rights, should be treated the same as men, etc.

Abolitionism

The idea that all people, regardless of race, deserve the same rights; Additionally that the slave trade should end and people should be freed from their duties as slaves

Liberalism

A new ideology specifically focusing on one’s individual rights and what one deserves; Belief in natural rights, privately-owned economy, etc.

Laissez Faire

A term that was essentially used to describe a new economic system (shift away from mercantilism); Definition is “leave alone”

Socialism

An idea where public ownership is more beneficial than privately led businesses

Capitalism

A new economic system that became more prevalent as it is essentially relied on privately owned businesses rather than them being state-owned

Communism

An ideology developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engel where everyone is seen as equal and all businesses are state owned

Karl Marx

Creator of communism

Adam Smith

Came up with ideas behind laissez'-faire economics and capitalism

Dreyfus Affair

An anti-Semitism scandal that occurred in France, where a military officer who was Jewish was convicted of treason; He was later found to be innocent (Alfred Dreyfus)

American Revolution

The name of a “revolt” that occurred where colonies in the Americas wanted their independence from the British government; Specifically rooted in liberalism

Declaration of Independence

Signed by Thomas Jefferson and many others to solidify the independence of American colonies from the British

French Revolution

A “revolt” that occurred in France where the public wanted to overthrow the absolute monarchy government; Rooted in ideologies of liberalism

Declaration of the Rights of Man

A new declaration established by the French when the government was forced to give in to the public demands

Reign of Terror

A period that followed the French Revolution where anybody who did not agree with these ideologies would be executed

France

The country who assisted the colonies in the Americas to gain independence from the British during the American Revolution

Unsuccessful

Successful or Unsuccessful?; The outcome of the French Revolution (For info, they ended up going back to an absolute monarchy)

Haitian Revolution

The name of a “revolt” that occurred in Haiti against the French

Toussaint L’Ouverture

The name of a Haitian general who helped lead many revolts against French enslavers in Haiti

Debt

This answer is what the French left Haiti in after forcing them to pay millions of dollars to pay for the destruction that they caused during the Haitian Revolution

Simon Bolivar

The name of a person who led many rebellions in South America; Helped/Inspired various countries to get emancipated from the Spanish empire

Nationalism

An -ism that specifically relates to people emphasizing their country’s belief systems, cultural practices, unity, etc.

Eli Whitney

Creator of the interchangeable parts system that greatly assisted the growth of the Industrial Revolution

Henry Ford

Creator of the assembly line system that was typically used in factories

Cottage Industry

An industry that relied on the system of merchants buying cotton, and then giving it to women to spin into finished cloth; First invented by the British

Manchester and Liverpool

Two major cities in Great Britain that greatly benefitted from industrialization and became urban areas

Trans-Siberian Railroad

A large railroad system that was built during this time period and essentially allowed Russia to trade more easily with countries in East Asia

Coal

The resource that the first Industrial Revolution specifically focused on using

Electricity and Steel

The two resources that the Second Industrial Revolution specifically focused on using

Transcontinental Railroad

A large railroad that was specifically intended to connect the Atlantic coast with the Pacific coast; Additionally was meant to aid in the transportation of goods

Meiji Restorations

The name of the industrialization process that was implemented in Japan during this time period

Defensive Industrialization

The type of industrialization that Japan partook in as they were worried that they would get conquered by stronger countries like the Europeans

Muhammad Ali

Name of the Ottoman officer who went to retake Egypt and later rose in power there; Pushed the country to industrialize especially by setting up many factories

Matthew Perry

The name of the commodore from the US who went to Japan in an attempt to demand that the Japanese engage in trade with them; Ended up being reason behind Japanese industrialization

Cecil Rhodes

Owner of Da Beers Mining Company who wanted to build a railroad from Cairo to Cape Town

Consumerism

The phrase that relates with consumers constantly buying products; This phrase increased throughout this time period because factories were able to produce more goods

Proletariats

What came to be known as the “working class” under the bourgeoise

Bourgeoise

Essentially the middle class where people did not necessarily have to work but instead could own factories, etc.

Labor Unions

These started forming as a result of difficulties in workplaces and unfair treatment throughout factories

Self-Strengthening Movement

An attempt at reform within China where they took inspiration from various Western ideals (however continued to be very limited as still mainly against them)

Empress Dowager Cixi

An important figure within the Qing Dynasty during this time; Was specifically known for her conservatist views however later realized problems with this and got rid of civil service exam

Hundred Days of Reform

The name of more reform efforts made by China where they got rid of the civil service exam, attempted to abolish corruption, implemented new systems, etc.

Samurai

This group of people in Japan were abolished under the new reforms, which led to great controversy from their point of view

Tanzimat Reforms

The name of the reforms that were established throughout the Ottoman Empire; Specifically dealt with modernizing the state and implementing more equal rights for all citizens

Tenements and slums

Buildings where poor, working-class families often lived; Mostly proletariats and peasants who had to work in harsh factory conditions

Cult of Domesticity

The idea that overall “idolized” the thought of being a female housemaker; Was that standard thought that women should stay at home, cook, etc.