APUSH Full Review

National bank

a commercial bank organized under laws passed by Congress and chartered by the federal government

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional

Market Revolution

brought rapid advances in transportation and technology to America, consumers had access to new goods from around the world, and commerce took place between people separated by large distances who often struggled to communicate

Hamilton's Financial Plan

establish a national bank, create a federal mint, and impose excise taxes, way to improve and build the nation's credit, and create a common currency

Thomas Jefferson

3rd president of the U.S., primary author of the Declaration of Independence, first secretary of state, and made the Louisiana purchase

Lowell Mills

textile mills that were in Lowell, Massachusetts and created the first union of working women in American history

Funding at par

paying the full par value for a bond that may not be currently trading at par value

Louisiana Purchase

acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from the French First Republic in 1803

Clay's American System

three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other 'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for agriculture

Judiciary Act of 1789

established the federal court system separate from individual state courts

Corps of Discovery (Lewis/Clark)

To establish a trade network across the country, to befriend the American Indians encountered, and to confirm or deny the theory of an all-water Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean

Second Bank of the US

the second federally authorized Hamiltonian national bank in the United States, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Proclamation of Neutrality

formal announcement issued by U.S. President Washington that declared the nation neutral in the conflict between revolutionary France and Great Britain

Embargo Act 1807

In response to the Napoleonic Wars in Europe and British impressment of American seamen into the Royal Navy, President Jefferson placed an embargo to limit American trade, it stopped exports from American ports

Panic of 1819

first widespread and durable financial crisis in the United States that slowed westward expansion in the Cotton Belt and was followed by a general collapse of the American economy that persisted through 1821

Jay Treaty

an agreement by the United States and Great Britain that helped avert war between the two nations

Era of Good Feelings

a period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the War of 1812

Sectionalism

loyalty to one's own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole

Pinckney Treaty with Spain

defined the border between the United States and Spanish Florida, and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River

John Marshall

presided over an era of cases that helped define the judicial system of the United States as well as the nature of the federal government

Tariff of Abominations

very high protective tariff, it was a bill designed to fail in Congress because it was seen by free trade supporters as hurting both industry and farming, but it passed anyway

Treaty of Greenville

ended violence at least temporarily, and established Indian lands. But American expansion quickly nullified the agreement

Madison

established the principle of judicial review, meaning that American courts have the power to strike down laws and statutes they find to violate the Constitution of the United States

Missouri Compromise

admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non-slave state at the same time, so as not to upset the balance between slave and free states in the nation, and it also outlawed slavery above the 36º 30' latitude line in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory

Citizen Genet

French envoy to the United States appointed by the Girondins during the French Revolution. His actions on arriving in the United States led to a major political and international incident

McCulloch vs. Maryland

Maryland tried to tax a national bank and James McCulloch refused to pay the tax, went to SCOTUS and they ruled in McCulloch favor because of the Elastic Clause which allows Congress to establish that bank

Tallmadge Amendment

prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and provided for emancipation of those already there when they reached age 25, passed in the House because the north had a larger population but failed in Senate because it was equally divided

Whiskey Rebellion

a violent tax protest in the United States but it was squashed quickly by President Washington which showed the strength of the federal government

Gibbons vs. Ogden

a landmark decision of SCOTUS which held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was Congress', which was granted by the Commerce Clause, encompasses the power to regulate navigation

Indian Removal Act

authorizing the president to grant lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy

Democratic-Republicans

political party founded by Thomas Jefferson against the federalists

Impressment

enforcement of military or naval service on able-bodied but unwilling men through crude and violent methods

Worcester vs. Georgia

a landmark case in which SCOTUS vacated the conviction of Samuel Worcester and held that the Georgia criminal statute that prohibited non-Native Americans from being present on Native American lands without a license from the state was unconstitutional

Washington farewell Address

a letter written by President George Washington as a valedictory to 'friends and fellow-citizens' after 20 years of public service to the United States

War of 1812

fought by the US and its allies against the UK and its allies in North America over the impressment of American sailors by the British Navy, as well as disagreements over trade, western expansion, and Native American policy

Force Act

allowed the president to relocate customs houses and to require that customs duties be paid in cash. It also authorized the use of armed forces to protect customs officials and enforce collection of tariffs

John Adams

2nd president of US, federalist

Andrew Jackson

7th president of the US, before his presidency, he gained fame as a general in the U.S. Army and served in both houses of the U.S. Congress

Nullification Crisis

a sectional political crisis in the US, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, which involved a confrontation between the state of South Carolina and the federal government

XYZ affair

a diplomatic incident between French and United States diplomats that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War

Hartford Convention

drafted constitutional amendments strengthening state controls over commerce and militias

Whigs- Clay

Henry Clay formed the Whig party because he opposed Jackson's policies and disagreed with his approach to governing

Alien and Sedition Acts

tightened restrictions on foreign-born Americans and limited speech critical of the government

Monroe Doctrine

foreign policy position that opposes European colonialism in the Western Hemisphere. It holds that any intervention in the political affairs of the Americas by foreign powers is a potentially hostile act against the US

Universal White Male Suffrage

all adult white males were allowed to vote, as long as they paid taxes or had served in the militia

Universal white manhood suffrage

An amendment to the state's constitution that eliminated other qualifications, establishing voting rights for all white men.

Slave codes

Laws that made slavery a permanent condition, inherited through the mother, and defined slaves as property.

Wilmot Proviso

A proposal after the Mexican War stating that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any territory gained from Mexico.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory, straining North-South relations.

Manifest Destiny

The cultural belief that God intended for Americans to expand across the west of America.

Ostend Manifesto

An 1854 meeting where southern officials attempted to acquire more slave territory, specifically trying to buy Cuba from Spain.

John Brown's Raid

An armed insurrection led by abolitionist John Brown in October 1859, aimed at initiating a slave uprising by seizing the federal armory at Harpers Ferry.

Stephen Austin

One of the first Americans to settle Texas, who had to convert to Roman Catholicism and obtain Mexican citizenship.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

A treaty signed in 1850 between America and Britain, stipulating neither nation would fortify or seek exclusive control over any future isthmian waterway.

Caning of Senator Sumner

An incident in 1856 where Preston Brooks beat Charles Sumner unconscious with a cane, representing sectional violence.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

A general who led the battle at the Alamo, known for switching sides in battles to ensure victory and later became governor of Yucatan.

Gadsden Purchase

The 1853 treaty in which the United States bought parts of southern Arizona and southern New Mexico from Mexico for the southern transcontinental railroad.

Republican Party

A political party formed in 1854 in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, aiming to block the spread of slavery in the territories.

Sam Houston

A former governor of Tennessee and army officer who became commander in chief of the Texas forces.

Free-Soil Movement

A political party active from 1848 to 1852, focused on stopping the expansion of slavery in western territories.

Lecompton Constitution

A pro-slavery constitution voted in for Kansas after anti-slavery people boycotted the election, later rejected by Kansas.

Alamo

A mission in San Antonio, Texas, site of a siege in 1836 where defenders held out against a Mexican army of 3 to 4 thousand.

Compromise of 1850

A set of legislative measures aimed at easing tensions between free and slave states after the Mexican-American War.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

The 1857 Supreme Court ruling that an enslaved person, Dred Scott, was not entitled to freedom and could not sue in federal court.

John Tyler

a Virginian Whig who served as William Henry Harrison's Vice President until his death in 1841 in which he succeeded him and became President.

Fugitive Slave Law

a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders.

Abraham Lincoln

16th president of the United States, promoted equal rights for African Americans in the Lincoln-Douglas debates, issued the Emancipation Proclamation and set in motion the Civil War, but he was determined to preserve the Union.

Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!

aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn.

Harriet Tubman

a black woman who, after escaping from slavery in 1849, made 19 journeys back into the South to help as many as 300 other slaves escape.

Freeport Doctrine

Stated that exclusion of slavery in a territory (where it was legal) could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property.

Bear Flag Republic

California, the term given to the revolt against the Mexican government by American settlers in California in 1846 by John Fremont.

Uncle Tom's Cabin- Stowe

In 1852 novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe about the fictional, though realistically inspired, account of a family of slaves in the deep south, criticizing the wickedness of slavery by demonstrating its terrible inhumanity through the eyes of its most common and deeply affected victims.

Harpers Ferry

the location in West Virginia where abolitionist John Brown led a raid in October 1859 to capture the federal armory and incite a slave rebellion.

Mexican Cession

The land that Mexico gave to the U.S. Which was land from Texas to California that was north of the Rio Grande.

Impending Crisis of the South

a anti-slavery book by Hinton Rowan Helper in 1857, arguing that slavery was economically detrimental to the Southern states and posed a threat to the social structure.

Breckinridge

an officer in the Confederate Army during the Civil War. He was the youngest person elected Vice President to James Buchanan and joined the Confederacy when the Civil War started.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

an agreement between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican-American War and transferred territory to the U.S.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Law that allowed for popular sovereignty. Devised by Stephen Douglas in the Kansas and Nebraska territories.

John Bell

A wealthy slaveowner from Tennessee who served in both the House and the Senate, he ran for U.S. President against Lincoln, Breckinridge, and Douglas in 1860.

Fort Sumter

South Carolina location where Confederate forces fired the first shots of the Civil War in April of 1861, South ignited the fighting of the Civil War, provoked North to assemble an army.

Popular sovereignty

people living in an area could decide if slavery would be allowed or not.

Border states

slave states that border with the free states during the United States Civil War. Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and West Virginia.

Silver Money- Bland Allison Act

reinstated the silver dollar as legal currency. It mandated that the U.S. Treasury buy $2 million to $4 million of silver each month.

National Grange Movement

a farmers' movement involving the affiliation of local farmers into area 'granges' to work for their political and economic advantages.

Mail-order catalogs Sears

a printed or digital publication that showcases a company's products, allowing customers to place orders through the mail or online without needing to visit a physical store.

Horizontal integration

the idea in which the company controls the majority of one stage of the production of a good.

Patronage

the practice of granting political support or privileges in exchange for loyalty and services.

Ocala Platform

called for a number of reforms including direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, and a graduated income tax.

Vanderbilt-railways

The railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

Vertical integration

The control of multiple stages of production and distribution within a single company.

Omaha Platform

political agenda adopted by the populist party in 1892 at their Omaha, Nebraska convention. Called for unlimited coinage of silver, government regulation of railroads and industry, graduated income tax, and a number of election reforms.

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into.

Rebate

rail barons granted secret kickbacks to powerful shippers for steady traffic.

Laissez-faire

allowing industry to be free of state intervention, especially restrictions in the form of tariffs and government monopolies.

Populist Party

The Populist Party was officially founded in

. Louis, Missouri, as a response to the economic struggles faced by farmers and workers. The party gained significant influence in the 1892 elections, capturing several state offices and influencing national debates around economic policies.

Dawes Act of 1887

authorized the President to break up reservation land, which was held in common by the members of a tribe, into small allotments to be parceled out to individuals.

Pools

agreed to divide the business in an area & share profits.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

William Jennings Bryan- "Cross of Gold"

A speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago that occurred in 1896. Bryan supported bimetallism, or free silver, which he believed would bring the nation prosperity.

Indian Reorganization Act

decreased government control over American Indian affairs, encouraging written constitutions, self-government, and a credit program to foster land purchases, education, and tribal organization.