Chapter 8&9 ApHug

state

largest political unit, formal term for a country.

sovereignty

power of a political unit, or government, to rule over its own affairs

nation

group of people who have certain things in common, this is not a political

nation-state

nation of people who fulfill the qualifications of a state

multinational state

country that contains more than one nation

autonomous region

a defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state

semi-autonomous region

A state that has a degree of, but not complete self-rule

stateless nation

A cultural group that has no independent political entity

multistate nation

a nation has a state of its own but stretches across borders of other states

centripetal forces

force that helps to unify people within a country

centrifugal forces

forces that tend to divide people, break states apart, or even prevent states from forming

Imperialism

variety of ways of influencing another country or group of people by direct conquest, economic control, or cultural dominance

colonialism

a type of imperialism in which people move into and settle on the land of another country

berlin conference

also known as the Congo Conference, in which representatives from the major empires in Europe met in Berlin to lay out land claims on Africa

decolonization

the undoing of colonialism, where a nation establishes and maintains its domination over dependent territories

nationalism

a nation's desire to create and maintain a state of its own

genocide

organized killing of an entire people

cold war

period of diplomatic, political, and military rivalry between is United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S. v U.S.S.R.)

satellite state

state dominated by another state politically and economically

devolution

process in which one or more regions are given increased autonomy by the central political unit

geopolitics

the study of the effects of geography on politics and relations among states

Terriroriality

a willingness by one person or a group of people to defend space they claim

neocolonialism

new system of colonialism in which economic, political, or even cultural control was indirectly exerted over developing countries

choke point

a place of physical congestion between wider regions of movement and interaction

federal state

unites separate political entities into an overarching system that allows each entity to maintain some degree of sovereignty

unitary state

most or all of the governing power is held by the national government

annexation

process of legally adding territory to a city

physical geographic boundaries

natural barriers between areas such as oceans, deserts, and mountains

cultural boundaries

Divide people according to some cultural division, such as language, religion, or ethnicity

antecedent boundary

a boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area

subsequent boundary

a boundary created while the cultural landscape is evolving and is subject to change over tiem

ethnographic

related to cultural phenomena

superimposed boundary

boundary drawn by a greater outside power and may have ignored existing cultural patterns

landlocked states

a state that does not have direct connection to an ocean

relic boundary

A boundary no longer observed but that still affects the present-day area (e.g. border between West and East Germany in Berlin)

geometric boundary

a straight line or arc drawn by people that does not closely follow any physical feature

consequent boundary

A subsequent boundary that is created to accommodate a region's cultural diversity.

cultural consequent boundary

a border that is drawn taking into account language, ethnicity, religion, or other cultural traits

physical consequent boundary

a division that uses already-existing natural features that divide a territory such as rivers, deserts, or mountains

open boundary

unguarded and people can cross it easily, with little or no political intervention

militarized boundary

A boundary that is heavily guarded and discourages crossing and movement.

defined boundary

boundary that is established by a legal document, like a treaty, that divides one entity from another. these are usually invisible

delimited boundary

A boundary drawn on a map by a cartographer to show limits of a space

demarcated boundary

boundary identified by physical objects placed on the landscape, like a fence or a wall

definitional boundary dispute

occurs when 2+ parties disagree over how to interpret the legal documents or maps that define a boundary

locational boundary dispute

boundary disputes that center on where a boundary should be and how it should be mapped

irredentism

type of expansionism when one country seeks to annex territory where it has cultural ties to part of the population or historical claims to the land

operational boundary dispute

also known as a functional dispute, this type of boundary dispute centers not on where a boundary is but rather how it functions.

allocational boundary dispute

also known as a resource dispute, this type of boundary dispute occurs when a boundary separates natural resources that may be used by both states/countries

administered boundary

a border that is actively managed, protected, and administered by a sovereign government

controlled borders

boundaries that have checkpoints where a passport or visa are required to enter the country

exclaves

Territories that are part of a state, yet geographically separated from the main state by one or more countries. ex: Hawaii & Alaska

political enclaves

states, territories, or parts of a state or territory that are completely surrounded by the territory of another state. ex: Lesotho, San Marino, The Vatican City

shatterbelt

a place located between two very different and contentious regions

UNCLOS

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: a code of maritime law approved by the UN in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200 nautical mile wide exclusive economic zones.

territorial seas

area extending up to 12 nautical miles from coast in which a state has sovereignty (including exclusive fishing rights.)

contiguous zone

Coastal states have limited sovereignty for up to 24 nautical miles, where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation

exclusive economic zone (EEZ)

coastal states can explore, extract minerals, and manage up to 200 nautical miles

high seas

water beyond the EEZ is open to all states

Small Island Developing States (SIDS)

52 small islands that share similar sustainable development challenges, especially climate change and sea-level rise. ex: Tuvalu, Fiji, Kirbati

internal boundaries

boundaries that divide the interiors of a country into sections

electoral geography

using spatial thinking techniques and tools to analyze elections and voting patterns

voting districts

Internal boundaries that divide a country's electorate into subnational regions

electorate

the people eligible to vote

census

A complete enumeration/count of a population.

reapportionment

changing the number of representatives granted each state so it reflects the state's population

redistricting

redraw district boundaries so that each district contains roughly the same number of people

gerrymandering

the drawing of boundaries for political districts by the party or group in power to extend or increase their advantageous power

cracking

dispersing a group into several districts to prevent a majority

packing

combining like-minded voters into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts

stacking

diluting a minority populated district with majority populations

hijacking

redrawing two districts in order to force two elected representatives of the same party to run against each other

kidnapping

moving an area where an elected representative has support to an area where he or she does not have support