NCE: Purple Book Questions

Freud's stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are

psychosocial

In Freud's psychodynamic theory, instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists

believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior.

Psychodynamic theories focus on___________ __________ rather than cognitive factors when counseling clients.

unconcsious processes

The ___ is logical, rational, and utilizes the power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check. The reality principle.

ego

The behaviorist generally feels that if it can't be __________ then it doesn't exist.

measured

The __ is chaotic and concerned only with the body, not with the outside world. This is the pleasure principle and houses the animalistic instincts.

id

The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was

Erik Erikson

The statement "the ego is dependent on the id" would most likely reflect the work of

Sigmund Freud

Known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development; especially regarding college students. Stresses a concept known as dualistic thinking, common to teens in which things are conceptualized as good or bad or right or wrong.

Robert Perry

Known for his work in strategic and problem-solving therapy, often utilizing the technique of paradox. Claims to have acquired information by studying works of Milton H. Erickson.

Jay Haley

Considered a pioneer in the behavior therapy movement, especially in regard to the use of systematic desensitization, a technique which helps client cope with phobias. Today his name is associated with multimodal therapy.

Arnold Lazarus

Known figure in the area of adult cognitive development. His model stresses interpersonal development. His theory is billed as a "constructive model of development, meaning that individuals construct reality through the lifespan."

Robert Keegan

Jean Piaget's idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is

sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations

Idiographic approaches to theories, such as Freud and Piaget, examine _________ in depth.

individuals

In contrast to idiographic approaches, nomothetic approaches (such as behaviorism or the DSM) student general principles that apply to

the population

Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget's developmental research inasmuch as

his findings were often derived from observing his own children

A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicated that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered

conservation

In Piaget's theory, the term __________ refers to the notion that a substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape. According to Piaget, the child masters this concept during the concrete operations stage (7-11 years).

conservation

Conservation and counting belong in which Piaget stage?

Concrete Operations

In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to

volume or mass

__________ expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development.

Lawrence Kohlberg

He disagreed with Piaget's notion that developmental stages take place naturally, insisting that the stages unfold due to educational intervention.

Lev Vygotsky

Perhaps the leading theorist in moral development. Used stories to determine the level of moral development in children..

Lawrence Kohlberg

Father of American behaviorism and coined the term "behaviorism" in 1912.

John B. Watson

Kohlberg, Erikson, and Maslow's theories are said to be ________ in nature, meaning each stage emerges from the one before it.

epigenetic

According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests

one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape

During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of

egocentrism

Lawrence Kohlberg suggested

three levels of morality

The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg's theory as a typing test is to

the level of typing skill mastered

The term "identity crisis" comes from the work of

Erikson

This term was coined by Abraham Maslow and popularized by learned helplessness syndrome pioneer Martin Seligman. It refers to the study of human strengths, such as joy, wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, happiness, and wisdom.

positive psychology

Kohlberg's three levels of morality are

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

In Kohlberg's levels of morality, this is the level where the child responds to consequences and reward and punishment greatly influence the behavior.

preconventional

In Kohlberg's levels of morality, this is the level where the individual wants to meet the standards of family, society, and even the nation.

conventional

Kohlberg felt that many people never reach this level of morality, where the person is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity,and equality of human rights.

postconventional

Trust verses mistrust is

Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development

Postulated the stages of infancy, childhood, the juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence. His theory is known as the psychiatry of interpersonal relationships.

Harry Stack Sullivan

A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eight stage,

integrity versus despair

In Kohlberg's first or preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by

consequences

A behavioristic technique in which the goal is to weaken or eliminate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response

counterconditioning

Pioneered by Lev Vygotsky, describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor.

zone of proximal development

Freud and Erikson could be classified as

Maturationists

This theory suggests that behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. In addition, the theory suggests that the individual's neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold.

Maturation Theory

This theory focuses heavily on mindfulness (being aware of your own state of mind and the environment) and was created by Marsha M. Linehan and is useful for clients harboring feelings of self-harm and suicide. It is also useful with substance abuse issues.

Dialectical behavior therapy

John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with

bonding and attachment

Pioneer in terms of using a one-way mirror for observing children. Maturationist.

Arnold Gesell

Known for separation-individual theory of child development, this person calls the child's absolute dependence on the female caretaker "symbiosis". Difficulties in the symbiotic relationship can result in adult psychosis.

Margaret Mahler

In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?

Generativity versus stagnation

This researcher is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys

Harry Harlow

The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations" is

true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin

The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is

intimacy versus isolation (25 - 34 years)

We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?

A 19-year old male college student

A 23-year old male drummer in a rock band

A 57-year old female stockbroker

A 13-year old male middle school student

A 13-year old male middle school student

In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby moneys, the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a

terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother

Freud postulated the psychosexual stages:

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Freudian concept of the life instinct

eros

Freudian self-destructive death instinct

thanatos

Freudian. ________ content describes dream material as it is presented to the dreamer. ________ content refers to the hidden meaning of the dream.

manifest, latent

In adolescence, _____ commit suicide more often, but ______ attempt suicide more often

males, females

In the general US population, suicide rates tend to _______ with age

increase

The fear of death is greatest during _______________

middle age

In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor which evolves primarily during the

oral age

When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that in general

a) girls grow up to smile more

b) girls are using more feeling words by age 2

c) girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age

d) all of the above

all of the above

The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is

latency

In terms of parenting young children

a. boys are punished more than girls

b. girls are punished more than boys

c. boys and girls are treated in a similar fashion

d. boys show more empathy towards others

boys are punished more than girls

This person found that child-rearing methods seem to have a tremendous impact on self-esteem. A study he conducted indicated that children with high self esteem were punished just as often as those with low self esteem. The children with high self esteem, however, were provided with a clear understanding of what was morally right and wrong. High self esteem kids had more rules. High self esteem kids parents emphasized the behavior as bad, not the child. Parents of high self esteem kids were more democratic and listened to kids arguments, then explained the purpose of the rules.

Stanley Coopersmith

When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean

how much heredity or environment interact to influence development

Stage theorists assume

qualitative changes between stages occur.

Development is a

continuous process which begins at conception

Development is cephalocaudal, which means

head to foot

Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and

a) assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes

b) assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes

c) assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code

d) all of the above

all of the above

The portion of a trait that can be explained via genetic factors

heritability

Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage

abstract thinking emerges and problems can be solved using deduction

Kohlberg lists _______ stages of moral development which fall into _______ levels.

6; 3

A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethic principles has, according to Kohlberg, reached the _______ stage of moral development and is in the _________ level

highest, postconventional

Freud's Oedipus complex (or oedipus stage) occurs during the

phallic stage

In girls, the Oedipus complex may be referred to as the

electra complex

The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stage is

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing

an apparatus known as a visual cliff

Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as

empiricists

An empiricist view of development would be

behavioristic

In the famous experiment by Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers

ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers

A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?

organicism

In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the

sensorimotor stage

A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child doesn't believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered ________ or __________.

object permanence, representational thought

The schema (i.e., a mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the

sensorimotor stage- birth to 2 years

John Bowlby asserted that conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate ___________ and ___________ in early childhood

attachment, bonding

The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life appeared to be

autistic

According to Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may ___________ a given psychosexual stage

become fixated at

An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that watching violence tends to make children

more aggressive

A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means

behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species

The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to

the study of animal's behavior in their natural environment

This term refers to laboratory research using animals and attempts to generalize the findings in humans

comparative psychology

Best known for his work on the process of imprinting, an instinctual behavior in goslings and other animals in which the infant instinctively follows the first moving object it encounters.

Konrad Lorenz

A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores his or her other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of

centration

Piaget felt that teachers should lecture less, as children in ________ ________ learn best via their own actions and experimentation

concrete operations

Piaget's Preoperational Stage includes

the acquisition of a symbolic schema.

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that

each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage

Proposed developmental tasks for infancy and early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle-age, and later maturity.

Robert J. Havinghurst

Focused on ego development via seven stages and two transitions, the highest level being "integrated"

Jane Loevinger

The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by

sex-role socialization