DCUSH Unit 11 (Ch 25-26) Vocab - 4/8

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

Ev:

N Viet boats attacked US ship in Gulf of Tonkin —> Johnson is allowed to do whatever it takes to defend U/S forces in SEA

An:

Escalated American involvement in Vietnam War.

Same reason why it later got repealed

Tet Offensive

E:

N Viet and Vietcong launched surprise attacks on US despite a truce they made (it was Vietnamese Lunar New Year)

A:

Americans still succeeded and pushed the opposition back, but it was a turning point: people back at home started to believe they weren’t in as much control as they thought, and so they wanted to leave the war.

Cuban Missile Crisis

E:

USSR installed nuclear missiles in Cuba so they could quickly attack US —> Kennedy blockaded Cuba and demanded they put down the missiles.

US found out through spy planes.

A:

Tensions were at an all-time high. Nuclear war could’ve started at any moment.

Greensboro Sit-in

E:

Four Af-A college students enter Woolworth’s (restaurant) and occupy seats —> refuse to get out and encourage more people to join —> restaurant can’t serve anyone.

A:

Woolworth’s lunch counter desegregated.

Sit-ins were popularized as a form of protest.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

MLK + student activists founded.

One of the most important civil rights organizations: Helped inspire nonviolent protest against segregation.

It gave a voice to younger adults to speak out about segregation and shift perspectives on racial injustice worldwide.

March on Washington

It was a march on Washington by people across different races and religions (25,000 ppl) regarding Af-Am civil and economic rights.

It acted as a symbol of unity for the civil rights movement as a whole and built momentum for civil rights legislation.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

President Johnson signed.

Outlawed segregation in public areas, banned employment discrimination.

Federal govt could now enforce desegregation. Paved the way for the rest of the civil rights advancements.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Outlawed discriminatory practices such as banning literacy tests.

More Black voter turnout.

Federal govt now allowed to oversee voting registration in areas with racial discrimination

Loving vs. Virginia

Declared laws prohibiting interracial marriage unconstitutional.

Court case of Richard and Mildred Lovhere who struggled to elope in Virginia and got arrested and sentenced to prison.

Sued the federal court for violating their rights.

Brought awareness to interracial marriages.

Watts

In Los Angeles, Af-A protest.

We’re not equal because of race:

1. We aren’t given equal opportunity —> poorer, unemployed

2. Police brutality/targeting

An:..

Malcolm X

Blacks should not rely on whites. Let’s use our own resources and work with what we have.

“Father” of Black Power movement

…

Black Power Movement

Rallying cry for federal govt to enforce civil rights cases (they haven’t been).

Cesar Chavez

Labor leader, helped make United Farm Workers Revolution

Minorities piggybacked off of civil rights movement to make their voices heard.

Berkeley Free Speech Movement

Protests on campus by college students.

Protested regarding students’ limited political speech.

Trend of counterculture movement.

Feminine Mystique

Challenge ideology that women should stick to their traditional domestic roles.

Instead, women should live and work outside the private sphere

Vietnamization

Nixon.

Replaced American troops with AVRN.

Allowed American to gradually withdraw from the Vietnam war.

Expense and unpopularity among Americans

Detente

A peaceful shift away from the idea of containment towards coexistence.

Promoted free trade between the nations involved (US, China, USSR).

Kent State and Jackson State

Jackson

Universities that experienced anti-war protests and a few student killings.

Jackson was a primarily Black university, so they got angry when they heard about Cambodia bombings.

Kent

Anti-war protests —> Guards guarded outside university —> students got killed

They drew parallels the struggles of the Vietnamese with the oppression experienced by Blacks.

Pentagon Papers

Classified report by defense department.

Contained information regarding the Vietnam War that Nixon and past presidents had hidden.

Human Rights - Foreign Policy

Post-Vietnam. Carter stressed human rights internationally.

Carter Camp David Accords - peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. Carter made sure it happened.

Difficult to put human rights ideals to fruition. He can’t control internal affairs, economic competition, etc.

Three Mile Island

Nuclear meltdown in Pennsylvania —> fear of nuclear power —> shutdown of many plants

Proposition 13

California cut property taxes bc of inflation —> national tax revolt bc less money for govt spending (and programs)

Regents of the Uni of California vs. Bakke

Strict racial quotas are unconstitutional

Race should be considered as a factor in admission

Roe v. Wade

Abortion is now legalized (as part of 14th amendment — equal rights for all American-born)

Women’s rights to bodily autonomy

Moral Majority

founded by Jerry Falwell

Evangelical religious conservatives, wanted to spread conservative social values. Used television.

Reaganomics (supply-side)

Reduce taxes —> more money for investment by businesses

Reduced government spending —> Govt money focused on military and arms race

Peace corps

Marshall plan for poor countries

Iran-Contra Affair

Reagan secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran

Mikhail Gorbachev

Final leader of USSR

Glasnost — openness, no censorship

Perestroika — reconstruction, free market

Led to collapse of USSR

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

Reagan.

Laser

Interceptors