Psych 100: Quiz 2

Human Devlopment

Developmental Psychology

Is the branch of psychology that studies growth and change throughout the life span

Nature (Genes)

Refers to the biological bases of human development

Nurture (Environment)

Refers to the environmental factors

Maturation

Refers to innantely sequence of growth and change that is relatively independent of external events

Studying Nature and Nurture

Twin Studies

• Adoption Studies

Nucleus.

Contains our genetic information

• Sustain the life of the cell

Chromosome

• Is a rod-shaped structure that carries all genetic information and that determines our sex

• XY – male

• XX – female

• DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid

a nucleic acid molecule that contains all our genetic information

Genes

basic unit of heredity

Heredity

characteristics transmitted from parents to the offspring

Dominant Recessive Gene Principle

Dominant gene will be expressed

‘,Germinal Period

from fertilization to second week

Embryonic Period

‘from second week up to the eight week after fertilization

.Fetal Period

final period of gestation

Maternal Conditions

Age, socioeconomic status, emotional state, nutrition, and illness

Environmental Factors

Maternal alcohol, nicotine exposure, and drug use

Monozygotic Twins

• Identical twins

• Twins look exactly alike

• Came from single zygote

Dizygotic Twins

• Fraternal twins

• Twins does not look the same

• Came from two different fertilized eggs

• Half-Identical Twins

Came from one egg cell that splits into two and each is fertilized by two different sperm cells of the father

Attachement

kind of affectionate relation between a mother and a child

.Jean Piaget

Cognitive Development in Childhood:To find out how mind of child develops

Cognitive adaptation

Children do not passively receive information from environment, but instead actively construct understanding of their world

Schemes

Refers to our mental representation of the world or

reality

Sensorimotor Period

• From birth to 2 years

• Infant has little understanding of the world

• The development of schemes at this stage is primarily through the senses and motor activities

• Objectpermanence

Pre-operational Period

• Approximately the ages of 2 to 7 years

• Children gain an understanding of the world through mental representations

• Pretend play

Concrete Operations

• Approximately between 7 to 12 years

• Children have lost their tendency to engage in egocentric thoughts and discover that people have different thoughts and ideas on things

• Concept of reversibility

Formal Operations

• From 12 years to adulthood

• The person does not simply rely on past or immediate experiences to solve problems; instead, they now have the cognitive ability to think even beyond their current circumstances

Authoritarian style

• Impose rigid and strict rules

• Punitive form of punishment

Permissive parenting style

Undemanding and very lax or

inconsistent

Authoritative style

Household is governed by democracy

Uninvolved parent

They tend to be detached to their children

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development

Based on the assumption that gratification or frustration of sexual needs early in life influences adult personality

Oral period

Birth to approximately 1 1⁄2 years

Anal period

Approximately 1 1⁄2 to 3 years

Phallic period

Approximately 3-5 years

. Latency period

• Approximately 5 to 12 years

Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

Each stage has a particular developmental task that the person needs to accomplish

Growth spurt

Sudden increase in weight and height observed among adolescents

Menarche

Between 11 to 17 years old; average of 12 years old

Nocturnal emission

Between 12 to 16 years; average of 13 years old

Freud’s Adolescence Stage

Genital Period

• From puberty to death

Erikson’s Adolescence Period

Assumes that moral reasoning is dependent on the cognitive development of the individual

Preconventional Morality

Limited in terms of rewards and punishments

• Conventional Morality

Emerges from the natural interest of the child to please other people

Postconventional Morality

There is a higher purpose and personal meaning for doing the righ thing

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage: Adulthood

• Young Adulthood

• Intimacy versus Isolation • Middle Adulthood

• Generativity versus Stagnation • Late Adulthood

• Integrity versus Despair

Prenatal

Conception to birth

Infancy

• birth to second week of life

• Shortest of all developmental periods

• Major adjustments

Babyhood

• second week of life to second year.

• True foundation age

• Decreasing dependency

• Beginning of socialization

• Appealing age

• Beginning of creativity

Early Childhood

• 2-6 years

• Troublesome age

• Toy age

• Preschool age

• Exploratory age

• Imitative / creative age

Late Childhood

• 6-12 years

• Most problematic age

• Sloppy age

• Quarrelsome age

• Elementary school age

• Gang age / conformity

• Play age

Puberty

• child changes from an asexual to sexual being

• Age of manhood

• Negative phase