AP Human Geography: Unit 6

From AMSCO textbook

Suburban

part of the urban landscape that surrounds or is on the outskirts of big cities

Public mass transit

government provided and or funded transportation systems

Borchert’s Model

Model created in the 1960’s to predict and explain the growth of cities in four phases of transportation history based on shifts in transportation technology, including the sail wagon, iron horse, and auto-air-amenity eras.

urbanization

an increase in the percentage of the number of people living in urban settlements.

sprawl

the rapid and uncontrolled expansion of the spatial extent of a city and occurs for numerous reasons such as lower land costs, car culture, growth of suburbs.

megalopolis

an extensive metropolitan area or a long chain of continuous metropolitan areas

Conurbation

a large urban area spread over an extent of land

exurb

usually beyond initial suburbs; often inhabited by wealthy families

edge cities

a concentration of businesses, shopping, and entertainment outside traditional urban area in what recently have been a semi-rural community; more offices than houses

boomburb

have a more diverse and affluent population compared to the nation as a whole; recent housing stock

satellite city

when an established town near a very large city grows into a city independent of the larger one

megacity

have a population of more than 10 million people

metacity

continuous urban area with a population greater than 2 million; a network of urban areas that have grown together to form a larger interconnected urban system

offshore financial services

financial activities conducted in a jurisdictions that provide low taxes and privacy for companies and individuals

world city (global)

cities that exert influence far beyond their natural boundaries and are control centers for the global economy where key decisions originate.

rank size rule

a principle that states that the largest country is double the 2nd largest county and triple the 3rd largest country and so on

primate city

A principle that states if the largest city is an urban system is more than twice as large as the next largest city.

gravity model

a model that state that larger and closer place will have more interaction and influence to eachother

market area

an area or region which is serviced by the central place

range

The distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services

central place theory (Christaller)

theory that describes the relationship between cities and market area

threshold

the size of population necessary for any particular service to exist is and remain profitable

favelas

neighborhoods marked by extreme poverty, homelessness, and lawlessness.

Squatter Settlements (Shantytowns)

The periphery of cities consisting of densely populated informal settlements

Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris/Ullman)

a model that suggests that functional zonation occured around multiple nodes; CBD and related functions continued to exist but joined by smaller business districts that emerged in suburbs.

galactic city model

a model that suggests as original CBD’s become surrounded by a system of smaller nodes that mimicked it’s function. As suburbs grew, they took on some CBD functions.

Latin American City Model (Griffin-Ford)

a model that depicts a two part

CBD at the center of the city with the most desirable housing located there. The high quality housing and CBD is located along a commercial spine.

Sector Model (Hoyt)

a model where each type of land use and housing grew outward as the city expanded, creating wedges

Concentric Zone Model

a model that describes a city as a series of rings that surrounds a CBD

Central Business district

a city’s commercial center that contains many high order services

Commercial zone

areas within a city devoted to business activities typically located near high traffic areas to facilitate customer access

residential zone

areas of a city devoted to where people live

industrial zone

areas of a city devoted to manufacturing and factories or other industrial facilities

zoning

a method used by local governments to divide land into specific areas with designated permitted uses

infrastructure

the physical structures and fundamental facilities needed to operate a society.

smart growth

an approach to development that encourages a mix of building types, diverse housing, and transportation options, development, within existing neighborhoods, and community engagement

new urbanism

a planning and development approach based on the principles of how cities and towns had been built for the last several centuries

mixed use zoning

permits a complementary mix of residential, commercial, and/or industrial uses in a single district

urban infill

as an alternative to urban sprawl, encourages the development of underused or vacant land in existing urban areas to increase density

greenbelt

areas of underdeveloped land around an urban area, have been created to limit a cities growth and preserve farmland

leapfrog development

where developers purchase land and build communities beyond the periphery of the city’s built area

food deserts

an area with limited access to affordable and nutritious food, often characterized by lack of grocery stores

Census tracts

contiguous geographic regions that function as the foundation of a census

gentrification

the process of converting an urban inner-city neighborhood from a mostly low income area to a predominately wealthier, owner occupied, area of a city.

urban renewal

a policy that allowed governments to clear out the blighted inner-city slums and build new development projects, displacing residents to low-income government complexes

blockbusting

when people of an ethnic group sold their homes upon learning that members of another ethnic group were moving into the neighborhood.

redlining

the process by which banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties to certain urban areas, typically always minorities.

underclass

the group of people that are homeless and unemployed

urban decay

the deterioration and decline of urban areas

inner cities

the older, densely populated, core areas of cities; close to CBD

public housing (projects)

government funded residential buildings designed to provide affordable living spaces for low-income families and individuals

brownfields

former industrial or commercial sites where future use is affected by real or perceived environmental contamination

grayfields

economically obsolete, outdated, or underused real estate assets or land. The term has historically been applied to formerly viable retail and commercial shopping sites that have suffered from lack of reinvestment