Unit 1-5 Biology Knowt

What are the three domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

What are the six kingdoms (under the domains)?

Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Protists, Plantae, Animalia

Name three properties of life

Highly organized structures, ability to reproduce, info in DNA makes organism grow, responds to stimuli, processes energy (food), adapts over an evolutionary process, follows and regulates procedures

List the hierarchy of life (biggest to smallest)

Biosphere, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organism, Organ system, Organs, Tissue, Cell, Organelle, Molecule

Independent Variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated

Dependent Variable

The outcome factor dependant on the independent variable

Control Variable

A variable that is kept constant during a controlled experiment.

Natural Selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

Living organisms evolve, natural selection helps with this

Covalent bonds (explain both polar and nonpolar)

bonds created by the sharing of electrons, nonpolar means electronegativity of atoms is equal, polar means this is unequal and there is more attraction between atoms.

Ionic bonds

bonds formed by the transfer of electrons

Protons, neutrons, electrons

Understand where they are on this chart and charges

Electronegativity

the ability of an atom to attract electrons

basic pH

greater than 7, less H+

acidic pH

less than 7, more H+

Polarity

Molecules having uneven distribution of charges, lopsided molecule or molecule w different electronegativities across atoms.

What are some unique properties of water?

- water has a high heat capacity
- water has a high heat of evaporation
- water is a solvent
- water is cohesive and adhesive
- frozen water is less dense than liquid water
- water is polar

Why does water have so many unique properties?

Because water hydrogen bonds with itself

Hydroxyl group

OH-

Carbonyl group

C=O

Carboxyl group

-COOH

Amino group

-NH2

Phosphate group

-OPO3^2-

Methyl group

-CH3

Monomers

building blocks of polymers

Polymers

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

Dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

What are the three types of lipids?

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

What are triglycerides made of?

glycerol and fatty acids

Are fatty acid chains hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophobic

saturated fats

fats that are solid at room temperature, single bond between C atoms and maximum number of H on the fatty acid chain

unsaturated fats

A fat that is liquid at room temperature, double bond between C atoms with not all H slots filled, makes it so fatty acid chain is bent

trans fats

unsaturated fats that are artificially altered to be more saturated, one of the H is moved to the other side of the chain so it is balanced and does not bend, very unhealthy

What is the function of triglycerides?

energy storage

What are phospholipids?

They make up the lipid bilayer, made of one saturated fatty acid chain, one unsaturated fatty acid chain, and one phosphate group.

Are phospholipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

They are both, tails are hydrophobic and heads are hydrophilic

What are steroids?

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings, an example is cholesterol

What are the different names for numbers of carbohydrates bonded together?

monosaccharides(1), disaccharides(2), polysaccharides(3+)

What functional groups are usually in sugars (type of carbohydrate)?

hydroxyl and carbonyl groups.

What is the typical ending of a sugar and an enzyme?

-ose for sugars, -ase for enzymes.

What is the purpose of monosaccharides?

energy for cells and raw material for building molecules

What is bond created when two sugars bond called?

a glycosidic bond

What reaction creates a disaccharide?

a dehydration reaction

Describe the differences between α and β glucose and the different disaccharides they make when bonding.

α glucoses bond the same way so they are all next to each other, and when they bond they form starch, which the human body can digest. when β glucoses bond, every other one had to flip itself over so that the OH can align and have a dehydration reaction. they form cellulose and makes the like lines lined up, and hydrogen bonds between these strands make it so the human body cannot digest this.

What are the differences between glucose, fructose, and galactose (not sure if we need to know this but we might)

look at the image, just have a general idea that fructose is 5 carbon ring, glucose and galactose are 6 carbon ring w H and OH switched

starch

storage form of α glucose in plants like corn or potatoes, form coils into a helical shape, can be branched or unbranched, carbohydrate banks for plants to get energy, can be digested by animals

isomers

Compounds with the same formula but different structures, ec glucose, galactose and fructose

cellulose

Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls, made of β glucoses, form long parallel lines held together by hydrogen bonding so that animals cannot digest it because it is insoluble,

glycogen

storage of glucose/energy for animals, highly branched (see image), most stores in liver or muscle cells

What are the different names for numbers/parts of proteins bonded together?

amino acids are what make up proteins(1), dipeptide(2 amino acids), polypeptide(3+, usually a lot)

What are the functional groups/components of amino acids?

a carboxyl group, amino group, an R group (which varies), and the carbon in the center (which is referred to as the α carbon)

How do amino acids bond?

dehydration synthesis forming a peptide chain

How are amino acids grouped?

by whether they are hydrophobic/hydrophilic, and acidic/basic

What are some generalizations about hydrophobic/hydrophilic and acidic/basic amino acids (not sure if we need to know this)

Hydrophobic side chains mainly have Carbon atoms, Hydrophilic side chains generally have combinations of Oxygen and Nitrogen, Acidic side chains have two Oxygen atoms, and Basic side chains have Nitrogen atoms

What causes proteins to fold into their specific shapes?

the different amino acids in the protein, those with different properties want different things, hydrophobic face in and hydrophilic face out, acidic and basic attract each other.

What are the two types of secondary protein shapes?

α helix and β plated sheet

What are primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary levels of protein structures?

Primary is zoomed in to the precise sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain, Secondary is the segments of the chain coil/fold and local patterns, tertiary is the 3-D shape of a protein, quaternary is when there are 4 identical tertiary structures next to each other.

How can proteins be denatured?

high heat, changes in salt concentration, changes in pH

How do you calculate total magnification?

ocular lens (eyepiece) x objective lens

What are some advantages and disadvantages of using a low-power microscope setting?

Some advantages are that you can see a bigger area of the item, and you can see more of the object's depth. Disadvantages are you cannot see as close as a high-power lense.

What are some advantages and disadvantages of using a high-power microscope setting?

Advantages are that you can see much closer than a low-power lense. Disadvantages are that it could be too close to physically see anything, you have to change the focus to see different layers of depth, and that you might hit the specimen with the lense.

What is the orientation of objects compared out of the microscope to under the microscope?

When the object is under the microscope, it will be upside-down.

What is the relationship between magnification and field of view?

as magnification increases, field of view decreases

Why do cells generally work better when they are smaller?

Cells need to have a large Surface Area: Volume ratio, as this determines the amount of nutrients that can pass through the cell's plasma membrane compared to the amount of nutrients the cell needs, depending on the volume. The volume increases faster than the surface area (^3 to ^2), so cells stay small as to keep this ratio small.

What are two categories used to categorize cells (not plant/animal)

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells are in domain eukarya, have a membrane enclosed nucleus that holds DNA, membrane enclosed organelles, much bigger. Prokaryotic cells are older, domains Bacteria and Archaea, smaller and simpler, DNA in nucleoid region, ribosomes are smaller and different, complex cell wall. Both have a plasma membrane, filled with cytosol, have chromosomes, ribosomes, and inside is called the cytoplasm

What are the two types of cells?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

prokaryotic cell

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea, smaller

Eukaryotic cells

Larger, complex, with nucleus, membrane bound organelles, DNA tightly wrapped around histone proteins in chromosomes, cellulose in plant cell walls.

List the organelles in an animal cell.

nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, Rough and Smooth ER, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, vesicles/vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, cytoskeleton

List the organelles in plant cell

nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, Chloroplasts, Central Vacuole and vesicles/vacuoles, cytoskeleton, plasmodesma, golgi apparatus,

List the structure of a bacteria cell

nucleoid region (DNA storage), ribosomes, plasma membrane, cell wall, capsule (layer outside cell wall), fimbriae (help bacteria attach to things), flagella (move bacteria around)

Nucleus

controls the cell, holds DNA and replicates it, includes nucleolus, nuclear envelope, chromatin

Rough ER

ER that is dotted with ribosomes, protein synthesis

Smooth ER

no ribosomes, makes lipids, stores calcium

Ribosomes

protein synthesis

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Vesicles

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell

Central Vacuole

A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes.

Cell Membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Cell Wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Mitochondria

organelle that makes ATP

Chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms, photosynthesis, turns light energy into chemical energy

List the structures inside a chloroplast (only need to know first two probably)

stroma (is the fluid), thylakoids (are the individual sacs that look like poker chips), (each stack of thylakoids is called a) granum, (area inside of thylakoids is called) thylakoid space

Lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes, combines with food vacuoles and digests

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

Plasmodesma

An open channel in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell.

Categorize the cell organisms into categories based on function

Genetic: nucleus, ribosomes
Endomembrane system: Rough & Smooth ER, Golgi Body, Lysosomes, Vacuoles
Energy Harvesting: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

The theory that eukaryotic organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) evolved from prokaryotic cells

What are three pieces of evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory?

They both contain DNA inside them, ribosomes similar to those of prokaryotes, and reproduce in a similar way

What is the term used to describe the plasma membrane?

A fluid mosaic

What does the plasma membrane being semi-permeable mean? (specifically what can and cannot pass)

Non-polar small particles can pass through, larger polar molecules have to enter through proteins.

What do transport proteins do?

They transport large or polar molecules into the cell.

What is endocytosis and exocytosis?

Endocytosis means particles into the cell (engulf). Exocytosis means particles out of the cell (excrete).

What are the types of passive transport?

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis,

Why do passive transport processes not require energy?

Passive transport follows a concentration gradient, and as particles naturally want to spread out and try to reach equilibrium, they follow the gradient and move without energy.

Concentration gradient

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance (both sides have the same amount of space, but one side has 2x the amount of particles as the other, particles move to equal out)

Simple Diffusion across a plasma membrane

Only small and nonpolar molecules can pass straight through the plasma membrane, outside the cell there is a greater concentration of this molecule, so it diffuses into the molecule