APUSH

Desert Culture

Desert Culture

Way of life based on pursuit of small game and intensified foraging of plant foods.

Forest Efficiency

Native communities achieving comfort through rich resource knowledge.

Encomienda System

Indians compelled to labor for Spanish lords, resembling slavery.

Virgin Soil Epidemics

Devastating diseases striking unprotected populations for the first time.

The Columbian Exchange

Large-scale exchange of people, animals, plants, and goods between old and new worlds.

Powhatan Confederacy

Union seeking alliance with Europeans for metal tools and weapons.

House of Burgesses

First democratically-elected legislative body in Virginia, 1619.

Indentured Servants

Laborers contracted for a term in exchange for transportation to the new world.

Pilgrims

English separatists establishing an independent congregation due to corrupt English church.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Wealthy Puritans emigrating to protect their congregations.

Roger Williams

Banished from Massachusetts for advocating religious tolerance, founded Rhode Island.

Salem Witch Trials

Accusations of witchcraft leading to trials, targeting assertive women.

Quakers

Religious group in Pennsylvania promoting tolerance and pacifism.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 uprising demanding removal of Indians and end of aristocratic rule.

Middle Passage

Trading route forcing captives to wallow in waste, leading to sickness and death.

Pueblo Revolt

1680 rebellion in New Mexico leading to Spanish caution.

Mercantilism

Regulations ensuring wealth benefits the nation-state.

Navigation Acts

1651 acts restricting colonial trade with other countries.

Salutary Neglect

British policy of lax enforcement, allowing colonies autonomy.

Frontier Heritage

Expectation of property ownership driving land acquisition from Indians.

White Skin Privilege

Legal distinctions favoring white individuals in colonial society.

The Enlightenment

Use of human reason over spiritual revelation to discover natural law.

Great Awakening

Widespread colonial religious revival, challenging Calvinist theology.

Albany Conference

1754 proposal for colonial unity under one government.

Seven Years' War

1756-1763 conflict between Great Britain and France.

Proclamation Line of 1763

Declared trans-Appalachian region as reserved Indian territory.

Republicanism

Belief in limiting state power to preserve liberty and distribute power.

James Otis

Famous for 'Taxation without representation is tyranny' during the Sugar Act

Stamp Act

Required special paper for various documents, sparking colonial unrest

Sons of Liberty

Led resistance against British policies, including the Stamp Act

Townshend Revenue Acts

Imposed tariffs on goods like lead and tea, leading to boycotts

Boston Massacre

Violent clash between colonists and British soldiers in Boston

Tea Act

British legislation to reduce East India Company's tea surplus

Boston Tea Party

Colonists' protest by dumping tea into Boston Harbor

Intolerable Acts

Punitive measures against Massachusetts, including Boston Port Bill

First Continental Congress

Meeting to address grievances and impose sanctions on Britain

Common Sense

Influential pamphlet advocating for independence from Britain

Declaration of Independence

Document declaring America's independence from Britain

Molly Pitcher

Nickname for a woman who supported troops during the war

Homespun Movement

Boycott of British goods by making homemade cloth

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point battle leading to French support for America

Articles of Confederation

First national constitution of the United States with limited powers

Pennsylvania's Gradual Abolition Law

Prohibited slave importation and granted freedom to children born in PA

Treaty of Paris

Ended the Revolutionary War and recognized American independence

Shays Rebellion

Uprising highlighting weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

Northwest Land Ordinance of 1787

Established government for territories and prohibited slavery in some states

Annapolis Convention

Meeting to discuss strengthening the national government

Constitutional Convention

Convention to draft the US Constitution, leading to a stronger central government

Federalists

Supporters of the US Constitution and a strong central government

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of a strong central government without a Bill of Rights

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the US Constitution protecting individual rights

Judiciary Act

Established the federal court system in the United States

Hamilton's Fiscal Plan

Financial strategy including assumption of state debts and a national bank

French Revolution

Inspired by the American Revolution, leading to political upheaval in France

Alien and Sedition Acts

Limited freedom of speeches and press; Alien Act allowed imprisonment or deportation of suspected aliens, Sedition Act penalized anti-government expressions.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Protests against Alien and Sedition Acts; asserted states' rights to determine constitutional validity of federal laws.

Abigail Adams

Advocated for women's rights in 'Remember the Ladies' letter to husband.

Republican Motherhood

Expectation for women to educate children to be patriotic citizens.

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793; boosted cotton production.

Agrarian Republic

Jefferson's vision of a nation of small farms; fostered westward expansion.

Marbury vs. Madison

Established judicial review in 1803; federal judiciary interprets laws.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 acquisition of 187,000 acres from Napoleon; Jefferson's first major expansion.

Peaceful Coercion

Non-Importation Act and Embargo Act aimed at British trade issues.

Indian Intercourse Act

1790 law regulating acquisition of Indian land through treaties.

War of 1812

Conflict with British over impressment of US ships; led to Hartford Convention and Treaty of Ghent.

American System

Henry Clay's economic plan with a national bank, protective tariff, and internal improvements.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 policy opposing European colonization in the Western Hemisphere.

Era of Good Feelings

1815-1825 period with one political party; no Federalists.

Panic of 1819

Economic crisis post-War of 1812; marked by trade decline.

Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement to maintain slave-state balance; Maine free, Missouri slave.

Nat Turner's Revolt

1831 slave rebellion in Virginia; heightened Southern fears.

Yeoman Farmers

Independent southern farmers on family-sized farms.

Paternalistic Ideology

Slave owner justification for master/slave relationship based on benevolence.

Justification for Slavery

Biblical and historical references; Constitution allowed slavery.

Print Revolution

Democratized politics through wider dissemination of information.

Jackson Presidency

Strengthened executive power, expanded suffrage, opposed central banking.

Nullification Crisis

1832 SC challenge to tariffs; resolved by Compromise Tariff.

Indian Removal Act

1830 law funding forced Indian relocation; led to Trail of Tears.

Democrats vs. Whigs

Political parties differing on economic policies and social reforms.

Transportation Revolution

1800s advancements in roads, canals, steamboats, and railroads.

Market Revolution

Shift from self-sufficient farming to commercial production; enabled by transportation and communication advancements.

Organizational Innovation

Factories' development of efficient production systems beyond technology

Capital Investment

Significant upfront financial commitment required for industrial development

Protective Laws

Legislation passed by states to safeguard corporations

Capital Source

Funding for industrialization from banks and family connections

Northern Industry Funding

Growth financed by southern cotton produced by enslaved African Americans

Putting-Out System

Early production method where goods made at home under merchant direction

Piecework Basis

Compensation based on the number of items produced

Cult of Domesticity

Social system idealizing women as stay-at-home mothers and wives

Separate Sphere

Expectation for women to live in a distinct realm from work

Subsistence to Cash-Crop Farming

Shift from self-sufficient agriculture to commercial crop production

Manifest Destiny Impact

Expansion belief leading to immigrant labor in northern factories

Commercialization

Transition from barter to cash economy over time

Slave-Based Economy

Southern economic system reliant on enslaved labor

King Cotton Profitability

Lucrative nature of cotton production in the South

Paternalism in Slavery

Justification of slavery through benevolent master perception

Slave Resistance

Actions against dehumanization including forming families and religion

Nat Turner's Rebellion

1831 slave revolt led by Nat Turner in Virginia

First Industrial Revolution

Technological and social changes driven by cotton demand

Samuel Slater

Introduced industrial mill technology to the US