Studied by 23 people
Test 2
head and neck structures
salivary glands
parathyroid glands
thyroid glands
lacrimal glands
lymphatic gland
thymus gland
nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
gland properties
a structure that produces a secretion necessary for body functioning
exocrine gland
has duct, empties directly into the location to be used
example: saliva glands
endocrine gland
no duct, directly into the bloodstream then carried to distant location
2 types of glands
exocrine gland and endocrine gland
Lacrimal glands
Secrete lacrimal fluid, has both epithelial and lymphatic tissue
Lacrimal fluid
Tears, lubricate eyelids and eyeball
2 parts of lacrimal gland
Palpebral
Orbital
Palpebral
on the bottom, smaller, closer to the eye
can be seen when upper eyelid is inverted
Orbital
on the top, larger, superior to the palebral
Lacrimal gland located
within the lacrimal fossa
Ducts
both orbital and palpebral parts combine lacrimal fluid
travel to lacrimal punctum (small hole)
excrete onto face OR. in naslolacrimal sac
then drain into the inferior nasal meatus
cause
salivary gland properties
produce saliva
controlled by ANS
major or minor
saliva
immunoglobulins
minerals
electrolytes
buffers
enzymes
metabolic waste
Saliva Pros
Lubricates
cleanses
protects
digestion (enzymes)
buffers (bicarbonate and phosphate, keep PH stable)
Antibacterial activity (lysozyme, IgA, lactoferrin)
Maintains tooth integrtity; enamel remineralization (calcium and phosphate)
Saliva Cons
dental biofilm (part of plaque) formation
supplies minerals for calculus mineralization
demineralization
histology of salivary glands
epithelium cells: line the ducts & produce saliva
connective tissue: surrounds epithelium, protection & support, make capsule and septa
capsule
surrounds outer part of gland and septa
septa (septum)
divides the inner part of the gland into lobes, and then smaller lobules
likes rivers
acinus (acini)
group(s) of secretory cells; resemble grapes
terminal part of the gland within lobules
single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a lumen
lumen
central opening where the saliva is deposited after being produced
serous- serous cells
watery and serous secretion
narrow lumen (tiny center)
proteins and glycoproteins/ Produce amylase: begins digestion
thin icing tip
mucous- mucous cells
thick
viscous, mucous secretory product
wider lumen
lubricates and forms a surface barrier against microorganisms (like motor oil)
thick icing tip
mucoserous or seromucous
mixed secretory product
can have both cell types
mixed product within one cell type predominating
either more mucous or more serous
Myoepithelial cells
end of acini
help facilitate the flow of saliva
on the surface of some acini
contractile nature; squueze the saliva out of the lumen
ductal system
hollow tubes
progressively grow larger from the inner to the outer parts of the gland
lined by the epithelium
parts of the ducts
intercalated duct
striated duct
excretory duct
intercalated duct
associated terminal part
hollow tube lined with single layer of cuboidal cells
contribute lysozyme and lactoferrin- break down bacteria and viruses
striated duct
connected to the intercalated ducts but longer
single layer of columnar cells- lengthened
resorbs and secretes electrolytes into saliva from blood- buffering action
excretory duct
final part located in the septum
larger than striated
saliva exits and enters oral cavity
pseudostratified columnar epithelium→stratified cuboidal epithelium
3 major salivary glands
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
parotid salivary gland
largest encapsulated
25% total volume of saliva
behind mandibular ramus (in front of TMJ)
serous acini only
associated with parotid duct and Stenson’s duct
opens in oral cavity at parotid papilla
parotid salivary gland associated with
parotid duct or Stenson’s duct
2 lobes in the parotid salivary gland
superficial (at surface)
deep (lower)
submandibular salivary gland
2nd largest
60-65% of saliva produced here
located in the submandibular fossa for protection
seromucous acini
opens at sublingual caruncle
submandibular salivary gland associated with
submandibular duct or Wharton’s duct
sublingual salivary gland
smallest
only un-encapsulated (no CT sheath for protection)
10% volume of saliva
located in sublingual fossa anterior to the submandibular salivary glands
mucoserous
shares the the openings as the submandibular duct-share caruncle
sublingual salivary gland associated with
sublingual duct and Bartholins’s duct
minor salivary glands
smaller but more numerous
exocrine glands
scattered in oral cavity
mostly mucous acini, few serous
keep tissue moist
exception to mucous acini
Von Ebner’s glands
only serous acini
associated with circumvallate papillae
aging salivary glands
30%-60% of salivary glands lost with age
duct systems undergo change
stimulation of saliva less, but production of saliva remains the same
nerve issue, reaction slows
hyposalivation=
xerostomia
xerostomia
increases trauma, caries
less protection
diabetes, Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis
radiation for head and neck destroys salivary glands
changes in dental treatment
sialolith
salivary stone- blockage; calcified
ducts blocked
mucocele
minor (on lip)
ranula
major (on floor of the mouth)
mucocele and ranula
lesion caused by retention of saliva in gland
treated by removal of sialoth or entire gland
lingual tonsils
located on base of the dorsal surface of the tongue
posterior to circumvallate papillae
indistinct layer of diffuse lymphoid tissue (can hardly see)
palatine tonsils
tonsils we check
2 rounded masses of different sizes
located between anterior and posterior faucial pillars
contains fused- together lymphatic nodules
swell if sick or have allergies
thyroid gland
largest endocrine gland
located anteriorly and lateral regions of the neck, inferior to the thyroid cartilage
ductless
thyroxine: metabolic rate
2 lateral lobes connected by the isthmus
thyroid gland development
1st endocrine gland in development (24th day in embryo)
from median down growth from the foramen cecum
foramen cecum
begins the opening of thyroglossal duct
thyroid gland: clinical considerations
disease or endocrine disorder
thyroid gland becomes enlarged
goiter
goiter
viewed during the extraoral exam
firm and tender when palpated
medical referral
parathyroid glands
4 small endocrine glands: 2 on each side
adjacent to or within the thyroid gland on its posterior surface
not visible or palpable
produce and secrete parathyroid hormone
regulate calcium and phosphorus level
thymus gland
endocrine gland
part of the immune system
t-cell lymphocytes, WBCs mature in the gland
grows from birth to maturity
shrinks after puberty & returns to weight present at birth at adulthood
located at the base of the neck, inferior to the thyroid gland
not palpable
nasal cavity properties
inner space of the nose
communicates with the exterior by 2 nares
nares are separated by the midline
nasal septum
nasal septum also divies
the internal nasal cavity into 2 parts
nasal conchae
3 projecting structures located on each lateral wall, extend inward
beneath each concha are openings through which the
paranasal sinuses or nasolacrimal ducts
nasal cavity lined by a respiratory mucosa
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
goblet cells
the moist mucus forms a superficial coating on the respiratory mucosa
cilia
superficial coating; ciliary action posteriorly to the nasopharynx (similar to filiform)
foreign materials
are trapped and removed in cilia
paranasal sinus properties
paired air-filled cavities in bone
air filled cavities in bone
frontal, sphenoidal, thmoidal, and maxiallry
paranasal communicates with nasal cavity through small openings in the lateral nasal wall called
OSTIA
ostia
holes in cribiform plate
ostia main serve is to
lighten the skull, resonate sound, and provide mucous for the nasal cavity
paranasal sinus similar to
nasal cavity
paranasal sinus lined with
respiratory mucosa consisting of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
sinusitis
inflammation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
sinusitis and maxillary posterior teeth
in close proximity to the maxillary sinus
can sometimes result as infection spreads from a periapical abscess assocaited with a maxiallry posterior tooth
frontal
located within the frontal bone superior to the nasal cavity
approx 2 to 3 cm
asymmetric
L and R separated by a septum
each one communicates with and drains into the nasal cavity by way of frontonasal duct
sphenoidal
located deep within the body of the sphenoid bone
cannot be palpated
approx 1.5 to 2.5 cm
asymmetric
comm. with and drain into the nasal cavity by the opening on each superior nasal concha
can’t see
ethmoidal
a variable number of small cavities
located deep within each lateral mass of the ethmoid one
cannot be palpated
divided into the anterior, middle, posterior
by the bridge of nose
maxillary
located within the body of the maxillae; posterior to the canines and premolars
size varies by age
usually largest paranasal sinus
drains into the middle meatus on each side by ostium (opening)
because of the position of the ____
gravity cannot drain the maxillary sinus contents when the head is erect
Note 
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