Unit_2.1.2_Dealing_with_Environmental_Extremes

Voltinism

The number of generations an organism produces in a year.

Univoltine

Species that produce one generation per year.

Bivoltine

Species that produce two generations per year.

Multivoltine

Species that produce multiple generations in a year.

Semivoltine

Species that take more than a year to complete a generation.

Diapause

A period of suspended development in an organism.

Facultative

Can enter diapause based on environmental conditions.

Obligate

Must enter diapause regardless of environmental conditions.

Cryoprotection

Mechanisms that protect organisms from freezing.

Antifreeze proteins

Proteins that prevent ice crystal formation in organisms.

Hemolymph

The circulatory fluid in arthropods.

Supercooling

The process of lowering body temperature below freezing without ice formation.

Hibernation

A state of inactivity and metabolic depression in animals.

Ovum

The female reproductive cell or egg.

Pupae

The life stage of insects undergoing transformation into adults.

Larvae

Immature forms of an animal that undergo metamorphosis.

Dehydration

The process of losing water or moisture.

Glycerols

Compounds that act as cryoprotectants in some organisms.

Sugars

Organic compounds that can serve as antifreeze agents.

Malpighian tubules

Excretory organs in insects that regulate bodily fluids.

Fat body cells

Storage cells in insects that store nutrients and energy.

Behavioral adaptation

Changes in behavior to respond to environmental extremes.

Morphological adaptation

Physical changes in the body structure to cope with environmental challenges.

Physiological adaptation

Internal body functions adjusting to changes in the environment.

Cyclical migration

Migration that follows a seasonal pattern.

Behavioral changes during migration

Alterations in behavior exhibited by organisms while migrating.

Parasitic capacity

The ability of a species to coexist with or exploit host organisms.

Thermal stress

Stress experienced by organisms due to extreme temperatures.

Longevity

The length of time an organism is expected to live.

Mortality

The incidence of death within a population.

ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species)

Molecules that can cause oxidative stress in cells.

HSP (Heat Shock Proteins)

Proteins produced in response to stress to help protect cellular functions.

SOD (Superoxide Dismutase)

An enzyme that helps protect against oxidative stress.