respiratory

what is the function of the respiratory system?

supply blood with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

what type of tissue is found in the mucosa of the nasal cavity?

ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium

what is the importance of the goblet cells?

helps make mucus

what is the function of cilia in the mucosa?

serve as a filter

What are the nasal conchae?

support mucous membranes in the nasal cavity

what is the function of the nasal conchae

increases turbulence and surface area for cleaning, warming and moisturizing the air

Name the four paranasal sinuses

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary

what does the nasolacrimal connect?

connect lacrimal duct to nasal cavity

where does the nasopharynx start and end

from nasal cavity to uvula

what type of tissue is found in the nasopharynx

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

is the nasopharynx a passageway for food, air, or both food and air?

air only

where does the oropharynx begin and end

uvula to trachea

what type of tissue is found in the oropharynx

stratified squamous

Is the oropharynx a passageway for air, food or both?

both food and air

Where does the laryngopharynx begin and end?

from oropharynx to larynx

what type of tissue is found in the laryngopharynx

stratified squamous epithelium

is the laryngopharynx a passageway for food or air or both?

both food and air

what is the function of the larynx?

voicebox, prevents food from windpipe

Name the 3 single cartilages of the larynx

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis

Name the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx

arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

what is the function of the epiglottis

prevents food from entering the trachea

what is the function of true vocal cords?

sound production

which cartilage are the true vocal cords attached to

thyroid and arytenoid

What is the glottis?

Opening between vocal cords

how do the vocal cords alter pitch?

they increase tension

How is the volume of vocalization changed?

by movement of air

what is the function of the false vocal cords?

increase abdominal pressure

what type of tissue is found in the mucosa of the trachea?

pseudostratified

what type of cartilage is found in the trachea

hyaline cartilage

why is the tracheal cartilage open posteriorly?

has c shaped cartilages rings to hold the trachea open

What is the carina?

where the trachea end and bronchus starts

how is the right primary bronchus different from the left primary bronchus

the right bronchus is typically wider and vertical

How many secondary bronchi are there?

5 (3 right, 2 left)

describe the histology of a terminal bronchiole

it has psuedostratified columnar epithelium

how is the conducting zone different from respiratory zone

the conducting zone is only a passageway for the air. respiratory is only for gas exchange

what are the four components of the respiratory membrane?

alveolus, simple squamous, capillary endothelium, basement membrane

what is a type 1 alveolar cell?

-very thin

-makes up the alveolar wall

what is a type 2 alveolar cell?

makes surfactant

What is an alveolar macrophage?

removes dust and debris

Where is the apex of the lung?

top of lung

Where is the base of the lungs?

bottom of lungs

What is the hilium of the lung?

notch in the lungs that each bronchi enter

How many lobes does the right lung have?

3 lobes

what fissure divides superior and middle lobes?

horizontal fissure

what fissure divides middle and inferior lobes in the right lung?

oblique fissure

How many lobes does the left lung have?

2 lobes

what fissure divides the superior and inferior lobes in the left lung?

oblique fissure

Describe pulmonary circulation

It is to and from the lungs, deoxygenated blood to get 02 in lungs

describe the bronchial circulation

transports oxygenated blood to tissues of lungs

what type of membrane are the pleura

serous membrane

what is found in the mediastinum?

heart, trachea, esophagus

does the mediastinum contain pleura?

yes

what is the parietal pleura attached to?

thoracic wall and diaphragm

what is the visceral wall attached to?

lung tissue

what is the importance of the intrapleural pressure?

some of the serous fluid seals the membrane together

What is pleuritis?

inflammation of the pleura

What is a pneumothorax?

air in the pleural cavity

What is an atelectasis?

collapsed lung

What is atmospheric pressure?

760 mmHg

What is Boyle's Law?

gases move from high to low concentration

Define inspiration

breathing in

What muscles contract during normal inspiration?

diaphragm and external intercostals

how does the contraction of inspiratory muscles cause air to move into the lungs?

it pulls the lungs open

Define total volume

air moved during quiet breathing

what is an average tv

500ml

what are the accessory inspiratory muscles?

sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis major

When are accessory muscles active?

during deep inspiration

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

what is the average irv

2-3ml

Define compliance

how easily the lungs stretch and recoil

what does it mean for compliance to be poor?

lungs cannot easily expand

what might cause low compliance

fibrosis, collagen cant stretch, scar tissue.

what does it mean for compliance to be high

loses elasticity and doesnt recoil or stretch

Define expiration

breathing out

how are the diaphragm and external intercostals involved in expiration

the diaphragm flattens and external intercostals lifts the ribcage

What muscles contract during forced expiration?

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

What is expiratory reserve volume?

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

what is the average erv

1L

What does a spirometer measure?

volume in the lungs

What is residual volume?

air left in the lung after you exhaled as much as you can

what is the average residual volume

1 L

What is vital capacity?

total amount of exchangeable air

what is the average vital capacity

5 L

What is dead air space?

air in conducting zone, cannot be used in gas exchange

how much of a normal tidal volume would be dead air space?

150 ml

eupnea

normal breathing

Tachypnea

Increased breathing rate

bradypnea

slow breathing

Dyspnea

difficulty breathing

what is minute volume respiration

volume of air moved in 1 minute

What is alveolar ventilation rate? How is it different from mvr

only the air that participates in gas exchange

what does forced expiratory volume measure

air forced out in 1 second

what would a low fev1 indicate

an obstructive disease

What causes emphysema?

smoking, alveoli loses its elasticity

What is pleural effusion?

fluid in the pleural space

Describe Dalton's Law

total pressure of mixed gasses= sum of partial pressures for each gas

what is a partial pressure of gas

the pressure of a specific gas in a mixture

What is external respiration?

Refers to the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli.

how does surface area affect external respiration

if theres more surface area, theres more space for gas exchange to occur