American History - Unit 3 (Federalist vs. Republicans)

First Presidential election was when? Who wins President and Vice President?

1788

-First Presidential Election

-Washington starts in 1789, Vice President John Adams

New capital in 1789 instead of Philadelphia was...

in NY

Washington makes four departments to help him govern in 1789. What are they?

1. Departments of State

2. Department of Treasury

3. Department of war

4. Department of Justice

How was Washington able to make these departments?

Implied powers

Who did Washington choose to be in charge of State Department?

What does State Department do?

Thomas Jefferson

-Deals with foreign affairs

Who did Washington choose to be in charge of Treasury Department

What does Treasury Department do?

Alexander Hamilton

-Focuses on economy, making sure America has enough money to run country

Who did Washington choose to be in charge of Department of War?

What does secretary of war do?

secretary of war is General Henry Knox

-Defense(military) if they needed to fight

Who did Washington choose to be Office of Attorney General? (Department of Justice)

What does Office of Attorney General do?

Edmund Randolph

Represents government when it comes to enforcing laws

What was Washington's political party?

None; he didn't believe in promoting one group because he felt it divided the country

What did Washington's Departments that helped him run the country become known as?

The Cabinet

Judiciary Act 1789

Created 13 district courts and three courts of appeal, in addition to the Supreme court established by Constitution

-allowed Washington to choose first 9 supreme court justices

Who did Washington appoint first chief justice with the senate's approval?

John Jay

James Madison's Finance plan for country

-Wanted to tax imports (tariffs)

-Tariff Act of 1789: set tax rates on certain imported items

-Tonnage act: levying a tax per ton of cargo on ships enter the US, with foreign ships taxed at a higher rate

What did James Madison and Alexander Hamilton disagree on in their finance plans?

Hamilton believed government needed the ability to borrow money, and Madison was against this

Alexander Hamilton 4 point finance plan included what?

1. Use Revenue Tariffs

2. Government bonds

3. Excise Tax

4. Assumption Bill

Two types of tariffs?

-Revenue Tariff: low price on products imported to fund the government

-Protective Tariff: high price for customers who pay for product that is from a foreign company, which promotes better business for American companies

Government bonds- what are they?

- civilian gives government money, and government repays that loan with interest

Are government bonds safe now, how about back then?

-safe investment now, not safe back then because we were still paying off war debt and not as many people were investing back then

2 Key terms for Government bonds?

-Maturity date: The date you get your money back plus the interest they owe you

-Face value: price of a bond (what you give initially)

How did they get more people to invest in government bonds

Increase interest rates so more people would invest, other people's bond investments help the government pay you back.

Excise tax - what is it? what products did it target?

-tax applied to specific goods, like alcohol tobacco, or fuel

-Included in price of product

-Brings in revenue from government, or discourages people to buy those products if they make them too expensive

-Increased production cost

Assumption Bill- what was it?

-assume states debts, and created a national debt

-If they invest their money and pay off their debts, more foreign countries and Americans will want to invest

What did Hamilton also create that Madison didn't like?

National Bank that put federal government in power

Why did some people think Hamilton's plan was unfair?

- unfair to original purchasers who feared they would never be repaid had sold their bonds at a low price

-They were upset because speculators who had bought the bonds at those low prices would now benefit

-Some people didn't like Hamilton's plan to assume the state's debts, especially southerners who had almost finished paying their debts from the war

In order for Hamilton's finance plan to go into effect, what happened? When did it happen?

July 1790- Hamilton, Madison, and Jefferson reached a compromise

What was the compromise?

Southerners voted for Hamilton's plan, and in return, the nation's capital would, in 10 years, relocate to an area on the Potomac River that would be called the District of Columbia in Maryland .

Why did southerners want the capital in the south?

Southerners believed having the capital in the South would keep the federal government responsive to their region's interest

Who didn't like Hamilton's New Bank of US? What did Madison use to argue against bank, and what was Hamilton's rebuttal?

-Madison and southerners

-Madison argued that Congress couldn't establish bank because it was not among the federal government's enumerated powers

-Hamilton disagreed and pointed out that Article 1, Section 8 gave federal gov. implied powers

What was the result of this conflict?

Hamilton was seen to be correct

-1791

Congress Created Bank of the US with a 20 year charter

Whiskey Rebellion - what was it? When? Where?

1794

-Congress imposed an excise tax on whiskey manufacture in 1791

-This angered western farmers who used the whiskey to to distill their grain before selling into market

-Western Pennsylvania was where farmers terrorized tax collectors, stopped court proceedings, and robbed mail

How did Washington handle Whiskey Rebellion?

sent 13,000 troops to put down the rebellion, and farmers gave up without a fight

Hamilton's supporters called themselves

Federalists

What did the Federalists favor? (4)

-Favored a strong national government

-Believed that democracy was dangerous to liberty

-Favored putting the government in the hand of "rich, wellborn, and able."

-Favorite policies that supported manufacturing and trade since he believed those were the basics for national wealth and power

The Federalist are modern day...

Republicans

Followers of James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were called...

Democratic-Republicans, although most people at the time referred to them as Republicans

What did the Republicans favor? (5)

-Jefferson believed the strength of the US was its farmers, agriculture instead of trade and commerce

-His ideas were sometimes referred to as agrarianism - the philosophy that agriculture and land ownership are the backbone of economy

-Argued that owning land enabled people to be independent

-Argued that commerce would lead to society being sharply divided by rich and poor

-Jefferson believed that the wealthy would corrupt the government and threaten rights and liberties of ordinary people

Actual leader of Democrat-Republicans?

Thomas Jefferson

The Democratic-Republicans later came known as what today?

Democrats in present day

Who were typically Republicans?

Southerners, farmers, some western areas

-People who supposed agriculture and helping the poor

Who were typically Federalists?

The North, more urbanized

-Alexander Hamilton was from NY

France declared war on Great Britain- what side did Washington want to take?

None- he wanted to remain neutral and resume trade with both countries

Why did the US economy benefit from France and GB's war?

We were sending supplies to both countries, but France and Britain didn't like this

Even though US stayed neutral, they had 2 problems that almost forced them to go to war. What were they?

1794

- Britain began intercepting all ships carrying goods to France, including hundreds of naval ships

-Britains remaining forts in the west were giving Native Americans firearms to kill Americans

What did Washington do in attempt to solve these problems?

Sent John Jay over to GB to negotiate and seek a solution

-Came up with Jay's Treaty 1794

What four things did America WANT out of this treaty?

-"Freedom of the Seas"- be able to trade with both countries and not be stolen from

-Stop Weapon Sales to Natives

-Vacate Western forts - former British soldiers occupying western forts in America, gave Natives guns

-Compensation for "stolen" slaves- slaves run away after the British loses war because they were promised freedom after fighting for the British. American wanted money for each slave they lost

What did Americans ACTUALLY get out of Jay's Treaty? (4)

-Instead of Freedom of the Seas, Jay was forced to agree that Britain had the right to seize cargos bound for French ports

-Gave America most favored nation status (policy that allowed countries to practice fair trade)

-British agreed to give their forts up on American territory in 18 months

-Instead of Compensation for "stolen slaves", British force Americans to pay for all the British merchants debts that they had before the war

Some people who didn't like Jay's Treaty? Who did like the treaty?

Why did Washington sign it?

Republicans didn't like this treaty, but Washington signed it to avoid war

Hamilton likes treaty- economic growth

John Jay's Treaty led to...

Pickney's Treaty

What was Pickney Treaty

-Spain still occupied Florida

-Spain decided to join France in the war against Great Britain, and feared Jay Treaty that we would ally with Britain

-Spain offered to negotiate any issues they had with US

-Signed Pickney's Treaty, granting the US the right to use the Mississippi River and deposit goods to New Orleans

Another name for Pickney Treaty?

San Lorenzo treaty

Native American Tribe that starting killing americans when they began settling west of Appalachian Mountains?

Little Turtle tribe

-Defeated US forces two times in 1790 and 1791

What does Washington do about the Little Turtle Tribe?

-Sends General Anthony Wayne to stop Native American attacks

-In August 1794, Wayne's forces defeated Native American forces, led by the Shawnee chief Blue Jacket, at the Battle of Fallen Timbers

-General Wayne's win lowered the Native Americans resistance

Later on, what Treaty was signed between natives and the americans? When?

Treaty of Greenville 1795

-12 Native American nations signed Treaty of Greenville

-natives agreed to give up part of southern Ohio and Indiana for exchange of a yearly payment of $9,500 from federal government

-After treaty was signed, Americans moved west

1803- Ohio had enough people to become a state

After Washington served two terms as president, who was next president? How was it decided?

1796

-Washington decided to step down as President after two terms, US held their first elections

-Federalists rallied around John Addams for president

-Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson

-John Addams won against Thomas Jefferson in the electoral college with 71-68 and became second president of US

XYZ Affair -how was it started?

-French were mad with Jay's Treaty, and began seizing goods from American ships headed to Britain

-John Addams sent Charles Pickney, Elbrige Gerry, and John Marshall to Paris to negotiate with French government

Who were American representatives supposed to negotiate with?

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand

Instead, who did American representatives negotiate with?

XYZ agents, were unknown of their real names

What happened with the XYZ agents?

-3 agents approached them and asked for a bribe of $250,000 to meet Charles Maurice

-America said yes as long as they stopped war at sea temporarily while they negotiated in France

-As a counter rebuttal, France asked for $12 million to stop war at sea

-Americans declined offer, and the three French agents became known as XYZ in American newspapers

Quasi-War with France- what was result of interaction in Paris?

June 1798- Congress suspended trade with France, and the US was fighting an undeclared war with France in Caribbean, known as Quasi-War

Quasi-War with France- how did it end?

Convention of 1800- released US from treaty of 1778 and brought Quasi-War to an end

-Was a tie

-made Americans look good, made France look bad)

Alien and Sedition Acts- what were they? WHICH POLITICAL PARTY PUSHED FOR THEM? What year?

-Federalist pushed 4 laws through Congress in 1798

-First three laws were aimed at aliens (people who were living in country and not citizens

-Last law tried to prevent sedition (any rebellions)

First law of Alien and Sedition Act

Naturalization

-extended the number of years immigrants had to wait before they became citizens (5 years to 14 years)

-Increased # because French were migrating to US and they would vote for Republicans if they became citizens

Next two laws of Alien and Sedition Act

gave the president power to deport without trial any alien deemed dangerous to the nation

Fourth law of Alien and Sedition Acts

or incitement to rebellion.

-This law made it illegal to criticize the federal gov, depriving citizens of their basic rights to freedom of speech and press

-Couldn't publish any malicious words against gov.

What did Republicans do in response to Alien and Sedition Acts? When and where?

1798-1799

-Republican controlled legislatures made Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, anonymously written by Jefferson and Madison

-Criticized the Alien and Sedition Acts

What were the theories the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions had?

-Virginia Resolutions introduced theory of interposition -states should be able to intervene if the federal government did something unconstitutional

-Kentucky resolutions advanced theory of nullification- if the federal government passed an unconstitutional law, the states had the right to nullify the law, or declare it invalid.

Election of 1800- who were candidates for President and Vice President?

John Adams- was trying to be re-elected by Federalists

-Thomas Jefferson -republican nominee

-Aaron Burr - republican for vice prez

Why did John Adams have a hard time being re-elected?

The Alien and Sedition Acts had angered many people, as well as new taxes on houses, land, and enslaved people

Who chose president overall?

Electoral college

who won popular vote?

Thomas Jefferson

Final results of election?

-Jefferson and Burr came out to 73 each, and the Federalist House of Reps was forced to break the tie

-While the Federalists despised Jefferson, Hamilton convinced his followers to support Jefferson

-February 1801: Federalists cast a blank ballot and Thomas Jefferson won and became the third president

Why was the results from this presidential election significant?

The federalist respected the people's right to choose their president

-since Thomas Jefferson and Burr both outvoted John Addams, they decided to give the people what they wanted

Some things Jefferson does when he takes office in 1801?

-got rid of whiskey tax

-Instead of standing army, wanted to rely on local militia

-Believed that republic could survive if most of the citizens owned land, wanted to expand farther west

-Before his purchase of Louisiana Territory, he had already planned to acquire the western land

Louisiana Purchase- what did America buy, when, and HOW MUCH?

1803

-Americans didn't know exactly what they purchased, had to explore land

-Bought land northwestern all the way to the middle of Idaho

-American paid $15 million

Who sold Louisiana Territory to the US? Why?

At the time, Napoleon had taken over France and much of Europe

-Napoleon had originally convinced Spain to give Louisiana Territory to France in exchange for helping Spain take part of Italy

-Haiti Revolution happened, Napoleon needed money ASAP

How did negotiating for Louisiana Territory go? Who was sent? Original prices?

-Americans send two guys into French territory to negotiate purchase (Robert Livingston and James Monroe)

-Original costs $5 million to buy New Orleans

-Instead of New Orleans, France offers the Louisiana Territory for $120 million originally

-Jefferson says no more than 10 million

-Negotiators Monroe and Livingston settle for 15 million

After Jefferson buys the Louisiana Territory, what does he want to do with it?

He wants to explore and expand America west

What team did Jefferson put together to explore the west? Characteristics of the team? Who are they funded by?

- Group called the Corps of Discovery

-funded my Department of Military/War

- Lewis and Clark were the captains/leaders of this expedition -40 men total

-Made sure they weren't married because it was a deadly mission

When and where did they leave for their trip? How long were they gone? How many people were killed on the way? How far did they travel?

1804- left at St. Louis Missouri

-Were gone 853 days

-Only 1 died from a possible appendix burst, the rest survived

-Clark estimated they traveled 4,162 miles (he was only off by 20 miles)

5 main goals of expedition that Thomas Jefferson wanted to accomplish?

1. Map out the land

2. Peaceful Native Relationships

3. Wanted to know if the Northwest Passage even existed -passage to Pacific ocean across the whole country

4. Record new species of plants and animals

5. Logical locations for military forts

(Wanted places where military was present because south was Spain's territory (Texas, California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Colorado)

Did Thomas Jefferson accomplish all his goals for the expedition?

Yes, he made peaceful relations with natives, mapped out the land, recorded over 100 new species and animals along with the soldiers journaling every night, and found places for military forts, found out there was no such thing as northwest passage

In the west, what kind of lifestyle did the natives live?

Natives in western area lived nomadic lifestyle, hunting with their horses on the plains

2 Native girls that helped the Corps of Discovery?

1. Sacagawea helped from Shoshoni tribe who became their guide and interpreter

2. Older lady Wakowes helped saved American lives by asking chief of her tribe to spare the lives of the white men because when she had been captured by whites, they took care of her

Why did Federalists not like the Louisiana Purchase? What did they do about it?

-Worried about losing influence in national affairs through the addition of the new states that would most likely be Republican

-Create Federalists group called the Essex Junto who planned to secede from the US in the north

What did the Essex Junto push for Aaron Burr to do? What happened when they did this? How was Hamilton involved?

-Persuaded vice president Aaron Burr to run for governor of NY in 1804, instead of presidential campaign

-During the campaign, Hamilton called Burr “ A dangerous man, one who ought not to be trusted with the reins of the gov.”

-This upset Burr when he loses election, and he challenged Hamilton to a duel in NJ

-When they met, Burr shot and killed Hamilton but duel was already over so Burr had committed murder

in 1804, who was the new vice president if Aaron Burr was running for NY governor?

new vice prez would be George Clinton starting 1804

Why did Essex Junto want Aaron Burr as NY governor?

So they could get NY on board with seceding from the US and making Burr their new leader when they left America

What did Aaron Burr do after he murdered Hamilton? After his trials for his crimes, what did he do?

-Fled to South Carolina where they praised him for killing Hamilton

-Burr was accused of trying to make his own country in the West and was charged with treason but eventually acquitted

-Burr gets acquitted for treason and murder

-After trials, Goes to Napoleon and says he will invade US to get Louisiana Territory back

-Napoleon declines

Marbury vs. Madison- background story? When?

1803

-John Adams appointed William Marbury a justice of the peace before he left office

-Adams signed off but documents had not been delivered yet

-secretary of state, James Madison was supposed to deliver the documents, but President Jefferson hoped to appoint someone else

-Marbury asked Supreme Court to issue a court order telling Madison to deliver the documents

-Based his request for the court order on the Judiciary Act of 1789, which said that requests for federal court orders go directly to the Supreme Court.

Marbury vs. Madison- final verdict? what was it and who made it?

Supreme court's final verdict in Marbury vs. Madison was that part of Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional and thus invalid

The decision established the Court's powers to declare laws unconstitutional and invalid

Decided by chief justice John Marshall that Adams appointed before he left office

Barbary Pirates- What were they and what did they want?

-Barbary states on North Africa include- Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli at the time

-For years, Barbary states had threatened Mediterranean shipping

-Many European countries paid "tribute" to these countries to guarantee their ships would be left alone if they went in Mediterranean Sea

Barbary Pirates- what happened that made Tripoli declare war on US?

1801

-Jefferson refused to make such payments when he entered office

-Tripoli declared war on US.

Barbary Pirates war- how did America handle it and how did it end?

-Jefferson sent naval squadron to Mediterranean Sea to fight Tripoli pirates

-US first foreign conflict

-Conflict dragged on for years until the tribute payments ended in 1815

-GOOD FOR AMERICA BC THEY HAD DEMONSTRATED INDEPENDENCE

What did the British navy begin doing around 1806/1807? Why did they do it?

-British navy was short of recruits due to low pay and bad shipboard conditions

-British sailors often went to American vessels

-British tried to solved this problem by IMPRESSMENT- which was a legalized form of kidnapping so they could bring people to work on the naval ships

-Had reason to believe that British sailors were on American ships

-British often stopped American ships for deserters

1807 Incident with American Ship and British? what happened, what was American ship called?

One time in 1807, British ship Leopard stopped American ship USS Chesapeake and when Chesapeake captain refused to reason, British killed three americans and took four american sailors

What was the result of this reaction with Chesapeake? Was this effective?

-Jefferson was trying to avoid going to war with British

-They made Embargo act of 1807-halted all trade between US and Europe (halted exports)

-Don't sell to foreign countries

-Embargo winded up hurting us more than France or GB

-when they realized it was not working, Congress repealed it in 1809, shortly before Jefferson left office

What was Nez Perce? when did Americans encounter them?

-When Corps of Discovery finally got over Rocky Mountains they met a new Native American tribe called the Nez Perce

-Nez Perce were considered “weak” tribe

-They were originally gonna kill the Americans and take their weapons

-Old lady told chief of tribe she was captured by whites, and they took care of her

-The Chief took this into consideration, and decided to nurse the Americans back to health

-Feed them and take care of them since the Americans were starving from being lost in Rocky Mountain

Presidential Election 1808- candidates? who won?

1808

-Thomas Jefferson decided he would not run again

-So Republican party nominated James Madison

-Vice President for George Clinton

-Federalists party nominated Charles Pickney, but Federalists were not popular at that time bc they were trying to secede from US

-Madison won 1808 election easily

What did Madison do to deal with America's Freedom of the Seas problems?

Non-Intercourse Act- forbade trade with France and Britain but authorized the President to reopen trade with which country that stopped stealing from America first

What was Macon's Bill Number Two? Who made it and where were they from?

- It addressed the same “Freedom of the Seas” problem

-Macon’s Bill Number Two - reopened trade with both Britain and France but stated that if either nation dropped its restrictions on trade, then US would stop importing goods from the other nation

-Nathaniel Macon (from North Carolina) made it