Module 3

Nervous system, skeletal & muscle system, senses, endocrine system, reproductive system

All of the following are functions of the myelin sheath EXCEPT which one?

The myelin sheath is involved in the repair of damaged neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

The motor division of the peripheral nervous system sends information to all of the following EXCEPT which one?

sensory division

Which of the following parts of the brain is associated with emotions and behavior?

limbic system

Which one of the following types of neurotransmitter functions as an inhibitory agent, typically suppressing the sensation of pain?

endorphins

Control of respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure is integrated through the

medulla oblongata

Which one of the following activities would be facilitated by the sympathetic nervous system?

increased blood pressure

Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells in that they

are located in the central nervous system

Cells that provide direct protection and physical support to neurons are

neuroglial cells

Each of the following statements correctly describes an action potential EXCEPT which one?

Once triggered, an action potential always looks exactly the same in form and voltage.

From an evolutionary standpoint, which of the following structures is considered the oldest, most primitive division of the brain?

hindbrain

Which one of the following happens during repolarization of a neuron?

Sodium channels close, and potassium rushes out of the cell to temporarily reestablish the membrane potential.

During a brain surgery, a surgeon passes an instrument through the dura mater. Which one of the following does the surgeon pass through next?

arachnoid

Electrical impulses are transmitted between components of the central nervous system via which one of the following?

interneurons

Preganglionic motor neurons of the \________ division of the nervous system originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

sympathetic

The left and right sides of the cerebrum are interconnected by which one of the following?

corpus callosum

Both voluntary and involuntary skeletal muscle movement are controlled through which one of the following divisions of the nervous system?

somatic division

The reticular formation is associated with

wakefulness, posture, and muscle tone

When a person changes from one level of sleep to another during the night, neuronal activity in which one of the following brain regions increases?

reticular activating system (RAS)

Which one of the following cells transmit impulses away from the central nervous system to the muscles and other organs?

motor neurons

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a demyelinating disease that results from nerve damage in the

spinal cord

All of the following statements about psychoactive drugs are TRUE EXCEPT which one?

Psychoactive drugs typically bind to the medulla oblongata.

The central nervous system is composed of which of the following?

brain and spinal cord

The region of brain that coordinates antagonistic muscle movements is the

cerebellum

Which one of the following establishes and maintains the resting potential?

sodium-potassium pump

Saltatory conduction is

the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons

Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage the generation of new electrical impulses by which one of the following?

stimulating depolarization of postsynaptic neurons

Which one of the following events associated with the transmission of an impulse across a synapse occurs last?

Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on postsynaptic membrane.

Insufficient production of acetylcholine in the synapses of the brain, abnormal tangled neurons, and large deposits of beta-amyloid are problems associated with which one of the following diseases?

Alzheimer's disease

Which one of the following divisions of the nervous system predominates during the relaxed state?

parasympathetic division

Regulation of the production of breast milk, carbohydrate metabolism, and temperature control are some of the functions of the

hypothalamus

Which one of the following diseases is a progressive degenerative disorder caused by destruction of dopamine-releasing neurons in the brain that coordinate muscle movement?

Parkinson's disease

Which one of the following is NOT directly involved in the production of a typical spinal reflex?

brain

The three main anatomical and functional divisions of the brain are the

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Which one of the following steps occurs during the absolute refractory period?

The neuron cannot generate an action potential.

Which one of the following parts of the brain effectively links the nervous system and the endocrine system?

hypothalamus

Axons branch into axon terminals, which have \________ located at the terminal ends.

bulbs

Conscious thought is associated with which one of the following?

cerebral cortex

Which one of the following provides the central nervous system with information about the outside environment?

sensory division

During which one of the following phases of an action potential do the sodium channels close and potassium channels open, releasing potassium from the neuron?

repolarization

Which one of the following diseases is caused by a virus that is introduced to the body through the skin and travels along sensory neurons to the brain?

rabies

The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called the

dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid

A neuron at rest has a charge difference across its cell membrane, with the interior of the cell negative relative to the exterior. This difference in charge across the plasma membrane is referred to as \________ potential

resting

During synaptic transmission, the influx of \________ causes vesicles in the axon bulb to fuse with the cell membrane, releasing \________.

Ca2+, neurotransmitter

Control of smooth muscle and internal organs is the role of the \________ division of the nervous system?

autonomic

All cells that make up the nervous system have excitable membranes.

False

A student noticed that every time he smelled a certain perfume in the hallway, it reminded him of his mother. This is due largely to the activity of the limbic system.

True

Reestablishment of the resting potential in a neuron following an action potential requires the activity of the sodium-potassium pump.

True

The two major subdivisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the limbic nervous system.

False

The absolute refractory period characteristic of neurons is important in ensuring that action potentials travel in only one direction.

True

An action potential is a long or rapid release of energy, generated by the sodium-potassium pumps of neurons.

True

Motor neurons of the peripheral nervous system transmit impulses away from the central nervous system.

True

The strength and duration of a stimulus determine the amplitude of an action potential.

False

Once a muscle cell has depleted its small supply of ready-made ATP, what will it use next for energy?

creatine phosphate

T, or transverse, tubes in skeletal muscle function to

promote the rapid penetration of the electrical impulse deep into the cell

Which one of the following is characteristic of an isotonic muscle contraction but not an isometric muscle contraction?

moves an object or part of the skeleton

Which one of the following is characteristic of cardiac and smooth muscle, but not skeletal muscle?

presence of gap junctions

Which one of the following statements correctly describes the origin and insertion of a muscle?

The insertion is pulled toward the origin during contraction.

Intercalated discs

contain gap junctions that allow the signal to spread quickly through cardiac muscle cells

Muscle cells produce lactic acid when they have an inadequate supply of

O2 (oxygen)

Skeletal muscle groups that work together to create the same movement are referred to as

synergistic

In the lower leg, the gastrocnemius muscle bends the foot away from the knee, as in pointing one's toes. The tibialis anterior muscle flexes the foot toward the knee. These two muscles are

antagonistic

In which one of the following would one expect to find motor units made up of only a few muscle cells?

eye muscles

At the end of the contractile period, energy from the breakdown of ATP is used to

transport calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Plantar fasciitis is an inflammation of the fascia within the sole of the foot, resulting in foot and heel pain. What is a fascia?

the fibrous connective tissue sheath that surrounds the fascicles of the muscle

A myogram is a recording of

the activity of muscle cells

All of the following occur during the latent period of muscle contraction EXCEPT which one?

Myofibrils shorten.

When an electrical impulse traveling along a motor neuron arrives at a neuromuscular junction

there is an increase in the secretion of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction

The primary energy source used by muscle cells to generate ATP is

glucose

Which one of the following is found within a sarcomere?

the actin and myosin filaments

Which one of the following is an example of an isometric contraction?

tightening of abdominal muscles while sitting

Cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscle in that

all cardiac muscle is under involuntary control

Contraction of a skeletal muscle cell is initiated by the

release of acetylcholine by a neuron terminating at the neuromuscular junction

An individual with the condition of myasthenia gravis is faced with an autoimmune disorder in which the body defenses attack acetylcholine receptors on muscle cells. What would be the expected effect on calcium levels near contractile proteins, following the arrival of an electrical impulse at those neuromuscular junctions?

E) small or no increases in concentration due to weak responses by acetylcholine receptors

In comparing all three major muscle types, which one of the following statements best describes the differences between them?

Smooth and cardiac muscle do not fatigue, whereas skeletal muscle does fatigue.

In order for a muscle contraction to occur, cross-bridges must form between which one of the following structures within a muscle cell?

actin and myosin

Which one of the following statements correctly describes the activities of muscles?

All muscles produce movement.

Which one of the following is the most efficient long-term source of ATP for muscle cells?

aerobic respiration of glucose

Which one of the following activities would fast-twitch fibers be most useful for?

lifting weights

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the structure of a muscle?

Connective tissues associated with the muscle converge to form a ligament at each end of the muscle.

Following electrical stimulation of a muscle cell, calcium functions to

bind to the protein troponin

All of the following are necessary for contraction to occur EXCEPT which one?

The troponin and tropomyosin must slide relative to each other, shortening the sarcomere.

During a marathon, runners use up ATP and glucose early in the race. Which energy source is generally used next for producing more ATP?

glycogen

As part of your fitness training, you do biceps curls lifting two 10-lb weights. The muscle contractions enabling these movements are

isotonic contractions

Each of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton EXCEPT which one?

clavicle

A clear fluid lubricates

synovial joints

Bones are connected to other bones across a joint by

ligaments

Even before organs begin to form, rudimentary versions of the shapes of bones begin to form in a fetus due to the

activity of chondroblasts

In which of the following bones are the teeth anchored?

mandible and maxilla

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

It causes the breakdown of bone.

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding bone?

Stem cells responsible for the production of blood cells are located in red bone marrow.

Which one of the following disorders of the skeletal system results from the "wearing out" of the cartilage that covers the ends of bones?

osteoarthritis

In characterizing cartilage, which one of the following is CORRECT?

Cartilage is found where support under pressure is required.

All of the following statements about the sinuses are TRUE EXCEPT which one?

The sinuses add weight and bulk to the skull and facial bones, strengthening them.

Which one of the following bones articulates with the metatarsal bones?

phalanges

Which one of the following lists the bones of the arm from the fingertips to the shoulder joint?

phalanges, carpals, metacarpals, radius and ulna, humerus

A typical long bone has an epiphysis at each end, which can be thought of as

an enlarged knob

Bones continue to lengthen throughout childhood and adolescence because

a growth plate is present in each epiphysis until the late teens

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding bone repair?

Osteoblasts convert cartilage to bone in the injured area.

When a bone breaks, a(n) \________ forms until later being replaced with bone.

hematoma

Bones of trained athletes may be visibly thicker and heavier than those of nonathletes because

weight-bearing exercise increases bone mass and strength