Viral Detection Techniques and Viral Agents of Diseases

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts and definitions related to viral detection techniques and viral diseases.

Specimen Collection

Collection of samples from patients to detect viral infections.

Viral Isolation

The process of separating viruses from samples for identification.

Direct Detection Methods

Techniques that identify viruses without cell culture.

Serologic Antibody Reactions

Tests to detect antibodies in response to viral infections.

Tissue/Cell Cultures

Used for viral isolation through the growth of cells.

Primary Cell Cultures

Cultured cells harvested directly from an organ; short-lived.

Diploid Cell Lines

Secondary cell cultures capable of multiple passages.

Continuous Cell Lines

Immortal cell lines derived from cancer cells; can grow indefinitely.

Cytopathic Effects (CPEs)

Morphological changes in cells due to viral infection.

Inclusion Bodies

Virus-specific structures indicating viral replication.

Parvoviridae

Family of viruses including human and animal pathogens.

Erythema Infectiosum

Fifth disease characterized by a rash and joint pain.

Aplastic Anemia

Temporary reduction in red blood cells; linked to viral infections.

Herpangina

Viral illness caused by Coxsackieviruses; involves oral vesicles.

PCR

Polymerase Chain Reaction; a technique for detecting viral nucleic acids.

Influenza A

Type of influenza responsible for most epidemics; infects multiple species.

Hemagglutination

Agglutination of red blood cells by viruses during infection.

VZV

Varicella-Zoster Virus; causes chickenpox and shingles.

Lab Diagnosis

Methods used to identify the presence of viruses.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Virus known for causing congenital infections and mononucleosis.

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

Virus associated with mononucleosis and lymphomas.

Norwalk Virus

A major cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks.

Reye’s Syndrome

Serious condition linked to aspirin use during flu.

Adenoviridae

Family of viruses causing respiratory and eye infections.

Herpesviridae

Family of enveloped viruses with a linear dsDNA.

Negri Body

Inclusion body seen in rabies-infected cells.

Antigenic Drift

Minor changes in virus antigens due to mutations.

Antigenic Shift

Major changes in virus antigens due to genetic reassortment.

Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)

A non-enveloped virus transmitted fecal-orally.

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

A partially double-stranded virus transmitted parenterally.

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

An enveloped virus primarily transmitted via blood.

Myocarditis

Heart muscle inflammation often linked to viral infections.

Hemagglutinin

Protein on viral envelopes aiding in viral attachment.

Subcultures

Process of transferring cells to new culture media.

Vaccine

Biological preparation offering immunity to a virus.

Viral Load

The quantity of virus present in a given volume of blood.

CPE Indications

Signs indicating cell damage or death due to virus.

Latent Infections

Persisting virus infections that can reactivate.

Immunocompromised Hosts

Individuals with weakened immune systems, vulnerable to infections.

Direct Contact Transmission

Spread of viruses through physical interaction.

Viral Antigen Detection

Methods used to identify specific viral proteins.

Conjunctivitis

Inflammation of the conjunctiva, often viral in origin.

Indirect Viral Transmission

Spread of viruses via surfaces or airborne routes.

Cell Culture Medium

Nutrient solution used to support cell growth.

Viral Replication

Process by which viruses reproduce within host cells.

Electron Microscopy (EM)

Technique for visualizing viruses at a high resolution.

Antimicrobials in Transport Media

Substances added to prevent bacterial and fungal growth.

Hemadsorption Test

Method assessing the ability of viral-infected cells to bind red blood cells.

Coxsackievirus Role

Associated with multiple conditions including herpangina and myocarditis.

EIA/ELISA

Tests for detecting viral proteins or antibodies.

Temperature Shift

Changing incubation temperatures to promote cell growth.

Transport Considerations

Requirements for safely transporting viral specimens.

Transfusion Transmitted Infections

Viruses transmitted through blood transfusions.

Replicative Cycles

Stages through which a virus passes during infection.

Antivirus Therapy

Medication aimed at preventing or reducing viral infections.

Seroepidemiology

Study of patterns of viral infections through serological tests.

Virology

The study of viruses and viral diseases.

Polyomavirus

A family of viruses with potential for causing disease.

Infectivity

Ability of a virus to establish infection in a host.

Vaccination Protocols

Guidelines for administering vaccines against viruses.

Oncogenic Viruses

Viruses that can cause cancer.

Zoonotic Viruses

Viruses transmitted from animals to humans.

Vector Transmission

Spread of viruses through intermediate organisms.

Laboratory Specimens

Samples collected for diagnostic testing.

Synthesis of Viral Proteins

Process by which viruses use host machinery to produce proteins.

Virus Detection Techniques

Methods to identify the presence of viruses in samples.

In situ Hybridization

Technique for detecting specific nucleic acids in cells.

Sample Handling

Best practices for managing specimens for diagnosis.

Fecal-Oral Transmission

Common transmission route for viruses like HAV.

Public Health Implications

Consequences of viral infections on community health.

Sterility in Cultures

Maintaining a contamination-free environment for cell growth.

Histological Examination

Analysis of tissue samples for viral effects.

Gastroenteritis

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines caused by viruses.

NS1 Protein

A viral antigen associated with dengue virus.

Reverse Transcription PCR

Method for amplifying RNA viruses by converting them to DNA.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A virus that attacks the immune system, leading to AIDS.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Common virus causing respiratory infections in infants.

Viral Load Monitoring

Regular measurement of viral quantities in patients.

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

Virus responsible for oral and genital herpes.

Incubation Period

Time between viral infection and symptom onset.

Viral Pathogenesis

Process by which viruses cause disease.

Clinical Symptoms

Indicators of viral infection in a patient.

Laboratory Procedures

Methods used to analyze specimens for viral presence.

RNA vs DNA Viruses

Classification of viruses based on their genetic material.

Enveloped vs Non-enveloped Viruses

Classification based on the presence of a lipid membrane.

Continuous Passages

Repeated culturing of cells without senescence.

Virus Interaction with Hosts

Ways viruses evade the immune system and cause disease.

Cell Necrosis Indicators

Signs of cell death due to viral infection.

Pathogenicity

Ability of a virus to cause disease in a host.

Emerging Viral Diseases

New or re-emerging viruses threatening public health.

Vaccine Development

Process of creating safe and effective vaccines.

Experimental Animal Models

Animals used in research to study viral diseases.

Recombinant DNA Technology

Tool for engineering viral genomes.

Antiviral Drug Resistance

Viral ability to withstand antiviral treatments.

Transmission Electron Microscopy

Imaging technology for studying virus structure.

Vector Control Strategies

Methods to reduce viral spread through vectors.

Gene Therapy for Viral Infections

Treatment approach using genetic material to combat viruses.

Histopathological Findings

Tissue changes observed due to viral infections.

Serum Neutralization Tests

Assessing the ability of antibodies to inhibit viral infections.

Emerging Zoonoses

New viral infections originating from animal reservoirs.