enlightenment/french revolution

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Hobbes

English philosopher and political theorist best known for his book Leviathan, believed you needed government to protect the people

Locke

English philosopher who people had natural rights such as life, liberty, and property. thinks government takes rights away from people

Natural Law

laws that were naturally occuring and common sense.

Voltaire

french man that criticized the king, church, upper classes. didn't like nobility. believe in free speech

Montesquieu

believed in direct democracy, and believed in the three branches of government, executive, judicial and legislative.

Rosseau

"The Social Contract", people are born good but environment and education corrupts them. "Man is born free but everywhere is in chains"

Denis Diderot

Compiled the Encyclopedia

Old Regime

old political system of france with three social classes that included, the first estate (clergy), second estate (nobles), and the third estate (commoners 98%)

Estates General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates that met and voted on frances problems

French Financial Problems

bad harvests, food shortanges. rising prices of food and unemploymet, and the kings deficit spending

Nobles & Church - taxes

they didn't pay any taxes, which caused riots and commoners didnt agree

Jacques Necker

kings financial minister that proposed reforms but was shortly dismissed

National Assembly

members of the third estate that broke away from the estates general. met and proclaimed as reps of france and created the declaration of rights of man.

Tennis Court Oath

vow by members of the 3rd estate not to disband until a constitution was written

Bastille

fortress in Paris used as a prison; French Revolution began when Parisians stormed it in 1789

Louis XVI

King of France during the French Revolution that had some of the worst qualities a leader could have. made moderate reforms before trying to flee the country. gets beheaded. spent more money then france made

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and her opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband. madam deficit.

Great Fear

A wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789. political discontent and worst famine in history. peasants attacked nobles and stories of government attacks untrue

National Guard

An armed force made up of ordinary French people to help the revolution.

Declaration of Rights of man

before the constitution and similar to the declaration of independence. made citizens equal and nobles gave up rights.

Women's March on Versailles

This was the march by the women of Paris to the home of Marie Antoinette in order to demand action for the ridiculous raise in the price of bread. needed bread.

Constitution of 1791

Constitution created by the French Revolution that had a limited monarchy. legislature had control, but only 50,000 of 27,000,000 could qualify to serve for assembly.

Declaration of Phillnitz

a treaty where other countries threatened to intervene if the revolution got too bad.

San-Culottes

working class men and women who pushed the revolution into more radical action. They wore long trousers instead of fancy knee breeches that upper class men wore.

jacobins

radical political party and club, mostly lawyers and intellectuals. mostly rich people

National Convention

The meeting of party delegates that created suffrage for all men, created a republic. wiped out traces of the old regime

committee of public safety

12 member group that had absolute power to try and control the Revolution. Maximilien Robespierre - jacobin leader of committee. anti old regime, but was opposite of safety

Robespierre

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

Reign of Terror

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty". under robespierre where death to useless criminals and traitors. france turned on itself and 40000 died. robespierre was the last to die.

Directory

Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country;

2 house legislature. very corrupt

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and was exiled to Elba. Then came back to power for 100 days and was eventually exiled to St. Helena.

Empire

A group of territories controlled by Napoleon. Napoleon was the Emporer and had family members on thrones of countries all around europe

Napoleonic Reforms

people wanted order, efficiency, security, and napoloen changed for it. he controlled prices, built roads and canals, and made peace with catholics

Napoleonic Code

This was the code put out by Napoleon that granted equality for all male citizens, but it took away womens rights

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Invasion of Russia

Napoleon's most disastrous military campaign. People couldn't handle the cold. Russian winter forced Napoleon to retreat, lead to his downfall because of the fraction of men left.

Battle of Nations

Battle where European nations were all combined to go against Napoleon because he was at his weakest. They strip him of his power and they exile him to Elba. make Louis XVIII the new king of France

Elba

The tiny island that Napoleon was exiled to after the battle of nations. Off the coast of Italy.

Hundred Days

when napoleon escaped Elba and he was back in power at france for 100 days.

Battle of Waterloo

This was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler. His final battle and final loss. After he loses he is exiled to st. Helena

St. Helena

place of napoleons second/last exile and death. sent there after battle of waterloo

Louis XVIII

French monarch who was restored to the throne by the allies after Napoleon was defeated.