Quizzam 6 Liver

What organ is in liver

gallbladder

Hepatic artery

1. suppllies O2 and nutrients to liver

2. ¼ of blood going into liver

3. other ¾ is from other body parts that need detoxified (portal vein)

Hepatic Vein

exit to heart

Hepatocytes

1. 60-70% of tissue

2. contain liver enzymes to break things down

3. perform major functions of liver

Kupfer Cells

RES (reticuloendothelial system) recycling of RBCS

stellate cells

store fat and vitamin A

Ductile System

1. in sinusoids

2. into common bile duct, then gall bladder, into intestines

Functions: formation of bile

1. emulsifies fat into smaller globules

2. aid fat digestion by pancreatic enzymes (lipase)

Functions: detoxification

1. done by liver enzymes

2. aid breakdown of toxins and drugs

Functions: Metabolism of carbs and fats

1. excess glucose in blood is carried to liver and stored as glycogen

2. once storage is full glycogen converts to fat

3. process can be reversed

Function: process protein

1. gluconeogenesis- converts proteins + amino acids into glucose by removing nitrogen

2. this releases ammonia, bulk gets eliminated as urea

3. then goes to urine (kidney)

Function: production of blood proteins

1. Albumin- most abundant, transport, maintains osmotic pressure in vessels

2. TSP using refractometer measures protein, since albumin is most abundant, tells clue if there is an adequate amount

3. Low TSP- liver disease, kidney disease, intestinal disease

4. High TSP- volume of liquid decreased (dehydration)

5. fibrinogen- clotting

6. globulin- immunoglobulin (titers- IgG,IgM, etc. measures if still have immunoglobulin)

Bile Pigments

1. RBC lysis releases biliverdin

2. Biliverdin is then converted by macrophages in spleen into unconjugated bilirubin (not H2O soluble and loosely bonded to albumin)

3. unconjugated bilirubin then goes to liver where it will turn into conjugated bilirubin by glucuronic acid (water soluble)

4. conjugated bilirubin then goes to bile ducts and gallbladder

5. 50% goes to intestines then back into the liver

6. other 50% goes into intestines, then bacteria turns into urobiligen which can be excreted in the kidneys or stay in intestines and turn into stercobilin (excreted in feces)

Increase in total bilirubin

1. jaundice

2. caused by liver dysfunction or bile duct obstruction

increase in conjugated (direct) bilirubin

1. gall bladder issues

increase in unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin

1. liver disease

2. hemolytic disease

Liver Enzymes: ALT (alanine aminotransferase)

1. dog cats and primates it is in hepatocytes

2. if elevated- hepatocytes leak out

Liver enzymes: SD (sorbitol dehydrogenase)

1. liver specific in all domestic species

2. not stable in blood

3. for accuracy samples need to be run in 12 hrs

Liver enzymes: AST (aspartate aminotransferase)

1. found in hepatocytes, RBCs, cardiac and skeletal muscle, kidney, and pancreas

Liver enzymes: CK (Creatinine Kinase)

1. becomes elevated with muscle inflammation

2. generally ran with ALT

Liver Enzymes: Alkaline phosphalase

1. AP/ ALKP/ alkphos

2. gallbladder and bile ducts

Liver Enzymes: GGT (Gamma Glutyl transpeptidase)

1. more common in LA

2. gallbladder and bile ducts

ammonia test

1. measure amount of ammonia in blood

2. diagnoses liver failure