Classical Greece

what was culture heavily influenced by in the Orientalizing period

Eastern Mediterranean and Near Eastern ideas, myths, and decorative styles

when was the Greek colonization into Western Mediterranean

Orientalizing period

what were two changes seen in the Orientalizing period

• Mould Making

• Papyrus importation

order the different Greek periods 

• Classical 

• Dark Ages 

• Geometric Period 

• Orientalizing Period 

• Archaic Period 

• High Classical 

when does the Archaic period end

with the defeat of Persians

what did the classical period of the archaic see

more documentary and textural evidence

what period was the basis for democracy established in Athens

Archaic period

what were Solon’s reforms 

• abolished debt slavery

• laws to protect the poor

•  bolster commerce in Athens by allowing skilled foreigners to settle in the city

what was the archaic period a mix of in turns of ruling

a mix of tyranny and factional strife

how did the polis change in the archaic period

became fully developed with defined body and a constitution

describe the constitution of the polis 

it was independent of outside authority 

what were some characteristics of the polis

• self governance

• autonomy

• independence

• citadel, temples, altars

• urban planning

• gymnasia

• theatres

• coins

• political life (laws, criminal trials)

• social classes

what are the order of column parts

base → shaft → capitol → entablature

what are the three types of columns

doric

ionic

corinthian

contrast the three types of columns 

doric 

• oldest, shortest and simplest

• sturdy, unadorned columns 

• no base 

Ionic 

• stand taller and are more slender than Doric 

• capital is characterized by two large, volute-shaped scrolls

Corinthian 

• most elaborate and ornate

• similar to Ionic columns in their slender proportions and the number of flutes

• capital is adorned with leaves, entwined with tendrils and flowers

what is the standardized temple plan

• external colonnade wraps around all sides

• central Cella

• False porch at one end (for symmetry)

• Porch at the other end

what two things is the temple of Hera associated with

• Disc of Iphitos

• table of Kolotes

Disc of Iphitos

contained the treaty that established the Sacred Truce for the duration of the ancient Olympic Games

table of Kolotes

displays the wreaths of wild olive for crowning olympic victors

contrast the temple of zeus and great altar of zeus

Temple of Zeus

• enclosed house for the god's image

• one of the 7 Wonders of the World

Altar of Zeus

• open platform for the act of sacrifice

• place lightening strike hit the ground

who was the sculptor of the  temple of zeus

Pheidias 

where were the olympics first held

Olympia

what marked the beginning of the self conscious greek identify

Olympics

what was the oldest panhellenic game

Olympic Games

what was the main sport of the Olympics for the first 13 years 

foot race 

what art style emerges during the archaic period

foundation for what we now call Classical Greek art

major artistic style that emerges of the archaic period

naturalism

what was the experimental period of art

period mixing the geometric styles with Orientalizing styles

what were large scale standing marble statues used for

dedications in temples, tombs and public spaces

kouros vs kore

kouros - nude male statue

kore - draped female statue

what country had major influences on kore and kouros

Egypt

what do kore and kouros statues demonstrate a movement towards

realism

what are pediments 

triangular space above the horizontal structure of a building's façade holding carvings 

black vs red figure painting

black

• FIRST developed at Athens

• figures: Black silhouettes.

• background: red-orange color of the fired clay

• details: scratched through the black slip to reveal the red clay beneath.

Red

• figures: natural red-orange color of the clay

• background: glossy black covering

• details: Painted directly onto the red clay with thin lines of black

black and red figure painting are essentially what of each other Black silhouettes.

reverse techniques of one another

which columns first saw black figure paintings

Corinthian

what was the high classical characterized by

idealized human form, balance, and democracy

describe the Athenian Society

patriarchy: men held all rights and advantages, such as access to education and power. Athenian women were dedicated to the care and upkeep of the family home

which society saw the aristocratic government slowly become democratic 

Athenian 

what was the basis of Athenian society

oikos (household)

what governments were the spartan society a mix of

• monarchies

• oligarchic

• democratic

what were the different classes in the spartan society 

Spartiates

• Spartan citizens, who enjoyed full rights

Mothakes

• non-Spartan, free men raised as Spartans

Perioikoi

• free, but non-citizen inhabitants

Helots

• state-owned serfs, part of the enslaved

how many kings did the spartan society have and why

two hereditary kings equal in authority

• to have checks and balances

• ensure 1 ruling lives if one dies at war

what was the spartan society oriented towards

warfare

what were some rights women had in Spartan society

• property owning

• equal rights in divorce

• marriages were later

• lighter clothing

when did state education of spartan boys start

7 years old

Importance of Olynthos

best archaeological source for the study of Classical Greek households

what kind of plan did the Olynthos have

Hippodamian

what was significant of the Villa of Good Fortune 

• largest of the houses discovered at Olynthos

• mosaic floors

what is an andron

part of a Greek house that is reserved for men

what is important to remember about the Acropolis 

was completely destroyed by persians = totally rebuilt later 

who spearheaded the rebuilding of the Acropolis

Pericles

what were some buildings rebuilt at the Acropolis

• Parthenon

• Propylaea

• Temple of Athena Polias

• Temple of Athena-Nike

what was the high point of architecture under Pericles 

Parthenon 

describe the format of the Parthenon

• 8 columns across front and double row on sides

• no false porch

what did refinements see

deviations from Greek norm and mathematic regularity in favour of overcoming optical illusions of straight lines

what were noteworthy features of 5th century art 

• simplification of forms 

• return to plain Doric garments 

• interest in motion/emotion

contrast the start and end of 5th century art

start

• lingering archaic style (forced smile)

• severe style

• tight hold on Phidian style

end

• loosening of Phidian style

• more elaboration of details

what changes were seen in 4th century art compared to 5th century

• better execution

• more complicated

• posture (knee bent(

Numismatics 

coins

how was one drachma

from six rod shaped obeloi

what was the theatre at Epidaurus set into

slope of a hill which was easier to build the arc

which god had a statue in the orchestra at the Theater at Epidaurus

Dionysus

three parts of a theatre

Theatron - seating area

Orchestra - where actors or chorus preformed

skene - backdrop or scene wall

summarize what happened to King Philip II of Macedon

1. he was very expansionist 

2. getting ready to punish the Persians 

3. he was murdered 

who reigned after King Philip II of Macedon

Alexander the Great

what kind of cities did Alexander the Great erect

Greek or Greek-like cities

what is the key aesthetic of the Hellenistic era

realism

what art styles are foundational for Roman styles 

Hellenistic 

what are Tanagra Figurines

they were mold made figurines of mostly women and likely souvenirs from the theatre