Health Psych final pt 2

Which is the correct sequence in the passage of food from mouth through the body?

Esophagus → Stomach → intestines → rectum

Reflex/muscle movement which propels the food downward is called

Peristalsis

The stomach enzyme that breaks down protein is

Pepsin

While the ___ produces bile, the ___ produces insulin

Liver; Pancreas

The fundamental component of all carbohydrates is ___ which can be used for fuel

A sugar molecule

Genes nutritionist encourages her to limit her intake of ____

Fructose

While ___ is an example of simple carbohydrates ___ is an example of complex

glucose/fructose; starch

Which of the following is NOT true about fructose

Fructose metabolism is the same as glucose metabolism

Which of the following is NOT true about vitamins?

They can be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism

Medium chain triglycerides is one of the recommended healthy fats due to all of the following EXCEPT

It is beneficial even when you consume it with your white toast in the morning

While ___ is an appetite stimulant produced by the stomach, the ___ is a satiety hormone

Ghrelin; Leptin

T or F foods with lower GI cause less rapid rise in blood sugar

True

T or F Fructose is a basic component in table sugar (sucrose)

True

T or F The recommended dietary allowance for protein: .8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight

True

T or F Michael’s nutritionist encourages him to limit his intake of fructose because it causes insulin to be released (insulin spikes)

False

Which of the following is most strongly linked to atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and chronis HPAC activation

Having an apple shaped body

While ___ is the recommended percentage body fat for men, ___ is the recommended percentage of body fat in women.

15-22; 20-27

What statement is not true of gestational diabetes

It is associated with developing Type 1 later

Which of the following trace minerals helps the body to use sugar properly

Chromium

Humans evolutionary history includes all of the following except

Agricultural Revolution brings a new set of foods that are very low density carbohydrates

Which statement about biologically appropriate diets is not correct

Frequently consuming high density carbs leads to less insulin sensitivity/greater insulin resistance

You are at higher risk of type 2 diabetes if your waist circumference is 90 cm (35.5 inches) men and greater and women 80 cm (31.5 inches) and greater

True

The USDA Food Pyramid recommends 3-5 servings of vegetables and 2-4 servings of fruits as its basis

False

__ is produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas the __ is produced by beta cells of the pancreas

Glucagon; insulin

While fasting, the body will clear away amyloid plaques, atherosclerotic plaques, tumors, and cancer cells. This is called ___.

autophagy

Which countries were used to contrast family’s groceries/food intake

USA; Ecuador

Psychological stress may directly contribute to the development of diabetes by triggering

abnormal changes in blood sugar levels

Capillaries

Allows O2 and CO2 to pass through the walls to other parts of the body (CO2 to the lungs for removal)

Atrium

Top two chambers of the heart

Ventricle

Bottom two chambers of the heart

In general, arteries carry blood ___, and veins carry blood ___.

from the heart to other organs; from the capillaries to the heart

Myocardial Infraction

is also called a heart attack

T or F Systolic BP: Measures the hearts pressure when actively pumping blood (Heart contracts)

True

T or F Diastolic BP: As the heart rests between beats and no blood is pumped, BP is at its lowest

True

Arteriosclerosis

Loss of elasticity and ability to expand and contract in coronary arteries/blood vessles as blood flows through them

Stroke

Damage to the brain due to disruption in the blood supply, depriving that area of oxygen

Hypertension

A condition when blood pressure are higher than normal blood pressure ranges (exceeding 140/90)

Atherosclerosis

Deposits of cholesterol and other fats on the arterial wall forming plaques that can block the artery

The Immune systems specific defense system is based on the activity of

B and T cells

Antibody producing __ cell: Produces/secretes antibody molecules that protect the body agains bacterial infection and viral infections

plasma

Which immune cells are equipped with receptors that match one specific antigen?

cytotoxic T cells (killer cells)

Antibody Producing __ cells: recognize foreign microorganisms encountered/defeated previously

Memory b cells

Specific immune responses: ___ cells are slowing immune response by sending messages to reduce cytotoxic cells and helper cells

suppressor

T or F Cytotoxic T cells assist in directing killer cells or activating B memory cells

False

Blood flow through the heart (to the lungs)

Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Tricuspid valve → Right ventricle →Pulmonary valve → Pulmonary artery → Lungs

Blood flow through the heart (post lungs)

Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Mitral valve → Left ventricle → Aortic valve → Aorta

Essential (Primary) Hypertension

No exact known physical cause (over 95% of cases)

Secondary Hypertension

Due to specific cause (adrenal tumor) and health inhibiting behaviors

Why is high BP a risk factor?

Heart has to work harder, can become enlarged, wear and tear on arterial wall (increased calcium deposits)

Hypertension risk factors

Lack of exercise, body weight, salt consumption, stress, ethnicity (black people)

Myocardial infarction

blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to tissue death. less likely during sleep

Immune response (non specific)

general defense antigens (skin, saliva, perspiration, lymphocytes)

Immune response (specific)

When an antigen has been encountered before (natural immunity) or when a vaccination has created a specific memory for specific antigens (acquired immunity)

Non-specific immunity mediated in 4 ways

Anatomical barriers, phagocytosis, antimicrobial substances, inflammatory response

Anatomical barriers

Skin, saliva, and perspiration

Phagocytosis

Phagocytes destroy antigens in bloodstream by engulfing and digesting them

Antimicrobial substances

Natural killer cells destroy viruses and cancers by injecting them with lethal chemicals (hydrochloric acid and interferon)

inflammatory response

Histamine chemicals attract phagocytes and macrophages

Specific Immune defenses- Lymphocytes

White blood cells produced in bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes, patrol body for antigens

B-cells

White blood cells that attack antigens by producing specific antibodies

T-cells

white blood cells that attack antigens without producing antibodies

B-lymphocytes

Antibody producing plasma cells (short lived)

Antibody producing b-memory cells (long lived)

T-lymphocytes

Produced by the thymus gland, slower acting response, secrete chemicals that kill invading organisms

Cytotoxic T cell

Killer cell, destroys infected cells

Helper T cell

Directs killer t cells, activates b memory, and produces lymphokines that stimulate or inhibit immune cell activity

Suppressor T cell

Off switch slowing immune response to reduce killer and helper t cells

Bidirectional immune to brain circuit

Cytokines- proteins produced by immune cells to regulate immunity

Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells from the original tumor site to other parts of the body.

4 types of cancer

are carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, and lymphoma.

carcinoma

malignant tumor of the skin and organ cells (85% of all cancers)

sarcoma

malignant tumor of muscle, bone, or connective tissue

leukemia

cancer of the blood producing tissues, proliferation of white blood cells

lymphomas

cancer of lymphatic system (non-hodgkins=fatal)

Worst UV rays

UVA