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Watching a person, or an animal, behave in its normal surroundings without interference. Purpose: gather info. Strengths: inexpensive, can normally be done when ethical factors won’t allow for experiments. Weaknesses: Individual cases can perhaps be misleading.
Naturalistic Observation
Act differently when known they’re being watched.
Hawthorn Effect
A thorough study of one person in hopes to learn about people in general. Purpose: to gather info. Strength: Inexpensive, requires only one participant, can often be done when ethical factors won’t allow experiments. Weakness: Individual cases can be misleading. No causation Surveys
Case Studies
Purpose: To gather information. Strength: Inexpensive, can gather lots of info fast. Can often be done when ethical factors won’t allow expiernments. Weakness: Wording and personal bias can serverly affect results. No causation. Honesty when answering questions. Large/diverse enough sample.
Surveys
When two things are related or they go together. Doesn’t equal causation. Strengths: Random Sampling can generalize, examines actual behavior, can study numerous variables. Weakness: Not cause and Effect, can’t rule out other variables.
Correlation Studies
From negative 1 to positive 1. Farther away from zero stronger correlation gets.
Correlational Coefficient
Only way to tell cause/effect.
Experimentation
Highly controlled, but can be less realistic
Lab Experiments
Not controlled, but highly realistic
Field Experiments
Hypothesis, Determine Population, Random Selection, Sample, Random Assignment.
How to conduct an experiment correctly.
Pool of individuals from which a statically sample is drawn for a study
Population
Good representative based off population
Sample
Randomly selecting population putting into groups.
Random Assignment
Group with no independent variable, possibly placebo.
Control Group
Results, dependents on what happens during experiment.
Dependent Variable
Used to organize or summarize a set of data. Includes, percentages, central tendency’s, dispersion, etc. Only apply set itself.
Descriptive Statistics
Data from sample that enables researchers to make conclusions about population. Infused for broad population.
Inferential Statistics
Mean, median, and mode. Most often used
Central Tendency
Has high outliers, contains more low scores, mean is higher than median. Right-skewed
Positively Skewed
Low outliers, mean is less than the median, left-skewed.
Negatively Skewed
Diversity of Distribution, variance, range, standard deviation, z-scores, percentiles
Variability
Relative score from the mean, higher the number, the more spread distribution, square root of this is variance.
Standard Deviation
Test used to determine differences between research results from three or or more unrelated groups. Compare the means of multiple groups. For example, employee training level groups.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Comparing means of different levels within the groups. By taking multiple continuous dependent variable. Creates a composite variable. Do the various school assignment vary by grade level. For example, do the rates of graduation among universities vary by the degree type.
Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
Machine that gets attached to the cranium to measure electrical impulses on the surface of the brain, Shows function but, not structure of the brain.
EEG
Uses X-Rays to build a picture of the brain. Shows structure but, not function.
CAT/CT
Relatively common, shows structure of the brain but, not function. Build picture of the head.
MRI
Injected with an chemical, measures how the Brain uses the chemical. Colors determine where the function is being used. Function, not structure.
PET
MRI with aspects of the PET scans. Shows both structure and function.
FMRI
Probé certain areas to see what activates. Figure out what part of the brain controls what.
Brain Mapping
Consists of structures on top of the spinal cord. Medulla, pons, cerebellum.
Hindbrain
Regulates blood pressure, heart rate and breathing
Medulla
Connect the Hindbrain with midbrain and forebrain. Also involved with the control of facial expressions.
Pons
Primitive brain coordination, balance and equilibrium, and memory for motor acts (muscle memory).
Cerebellum
If part of brain was damaged, other parts of the brain will cover for the damage.
Neuroplasticity
Very small in humans. But it’s responsible for some important functions. Integrates some types of sensory information and muscle movement. For example, If an X was on the screen move head back and forth midbrain is used to keep focus on the X.
Midbrain
Web like structure, used for general arousal, awake and sensory.
Reticular Formation
Includes: Thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus.
Forebrain
Receives sensory information from spinal cord sends signals to appropriate area of the brain. Transmit signals. Eyes-Optic Nerve-Occipital Lobe-Image.
Thalamus
Smaller structure right next to Thalamus. Responsible for metabolic processes such as: Body temp, sexual arousal, hunger, thirst, endocrine system. Hormones
Hypothalamus
Central role for emotional responses, attaches emotional content to our memories. Control center for emotions
Amygdala
Episodic memories, memories and senses, spatial orientation neurogenesis.
Hippocampus
More grooves in brain equals more space for the cranium. Known as Gyri and Sulci. The purpose is to increase surface area and enables for smaller but, smarter brain.
Bumps and Grooves
Railroad construction worker, unlikely survival when impaled by an iron rod. One of the first cases to suggest cerebral specialization. Different person when we he woke up from a coma. Personality change. Affected, consciousness, memory, emotional responses, empathy, impulsive decisions.
Phineas Gage
Mostly has to do with vision, primary vision cortex, interpret from eyes gather image from eyes builds a picture. Issues, visual field cuts, color agnPariosia (colorblind), production of hallucinations, movement agnosia.
Occipital Lobe
If info is traveling from optic love to thalamus gets lost and sent into different parts of brain.
Blindsight
Sensory information, gegurding touch, taste, temperature and pain.
Parietal Lobe
Proprioception, predictive ability. Example, swinging a bat.
Sensory Cortex
Face/head is very sensitive while rest of the body isn’t.
2 Point Distribution
Hearing, processing affect, emotions, language. Travel through thalamus then temporary lobe.
Temporary Lobe
Fibrous tissues that’s purpose is to connect the hemispheres of the left-side brain controls right side and vise versa.
Corpus Callosum
Deals with speech
Left Hemisphere
Deals with facial recognition
Right Hemisphere
Sees faces were faces can’t be seen
Pareidolia
Área of the brain that is chiefly responsible for structuring speech. Temporal Lobe of the dominant hemisphere.
Broca’s Area
Área of the brain that is chiefly responsible for the understanding of written and spoken language. In the particular lobe of the dominant side of the brain.
Wernicke Area
Consist of brain, brain stem, spinal cord.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous Systen
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Skeletal Muscle Movement
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
Automatic, things we don’t think about. For example, the heart and lungs. Two parts
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Fight or flight mechanic, adrenaline.
Sympathetic
Homeostasis. Where we want to spend most of our time.
Parasympathetic