Sike Ch 2 and 3

Watching a person, or an animal, behave in its normal surroundings without interference. Purpose: gather info. Strengths: inexpensive, can normally be done when ethical factors won’t allow for experiments. Weaknesses: Individual cases can perhaps be misleading.

Naturalistic Observation

Act differently when known they’re being watched.

Hawthorn Effect

A thorough study of one person in hopes to learn about people in general. Purpose: to gather info. Strength: Inexpensive, requires only one participant, can often be done when ethical factors won’t allow experiments. Weakness: Individual cases can be misleading. No causation Surveys

Case Studies

Purpose: To gather information. Strength: Inexpensive, can gather lots of info fast. Can often be done when ethical factors won’t allow expiernments. Weakness: Wording and personal bias can serverly affect results. No causation. Honesty when answering questions. Large/diverse enough sample.

Surveys

When two things are related or they go together. Doesn’t equal causation. Strengths: Random Sampling can generalize, examines actual behavior, can study numerous variables. Weakness: Not cause and Effect, can’t rule out other variables.

Correlation Studies

From negative 1 to positive 1. Farther away from zero stronger correlation gets.

Correlational Coefficient

Only way to tell cause/effect.

Experimentation

Highly controlled, but can be less realistic

Lab Experiments

Not controlled, but highly realistic

Field Experiments

Hypothesis, Determine Population, Random Selection, Sample, Random Assignment.

How to conduct an experiment correctly.

Pool of individuals from which a statically sample is drawn for a study

Population

Good representative based off population

Sample

Randomly selecting population putting into groups.

Random Assignment

Group with no independent variable, possibly placebo.

Control Group

Results, dependents on what happens during experiment.

Dependent Variable

Used to organize or summarize a set of data. Includes, percentages, central tendency’s, dispersion, etc. Only apply set itself.

Descriptive Statistics

Data from sample that enables researchers to make conclusions about population. Infused for broad population.

Inferential Statistics

Mean, median, and mode. Most often used

Central Tendency

Has high outliers, contains more low scores, mean is higher than median. Right-skewed

Positively Skewed

Low outliers, mean is less than the median, left-skewed.

Negatively Skewed

Diversity of Distribution, variance, range, standard deviation, z-scores, percentiles

Variability

Relative score from the mean, higher the number, the more spread distribution, square root of this is variance.

Standard Deviation

Test used to determine differences between research results from three or or more unrelated groups. Compare the means of multiple groups. For example, employee training level groups.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Comparing means of different levels within the groups. By taking multiple continuous dependent variable. Creates a composite variable. Do the various school assignment vary by grade level. For example, do the rates of graduation among universities vary by the degree type.

Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)

Machine that gets attached to the cranium to measure electrical impulses on the surface of the brain, Shows function but, not structure of the brain.

EEG

Uses X-Rays to build a picture of the brain. Shows structure but, not function.

CAT/CT

Relatively common, shows structure of the brain but, not function. Build picture of the head.

MRI

Injected with an chemical, measures how the Brain uses the chemical. Colors determine where the function is being used. Function, not structure.

PET

MRI with aspects of the PET scans. Shows both structure and function.

FMRI

Probé certain areas to see what activates. Figure out what part of the brain controls what.

Brain Mapping

Consists of structures on top of the spinal cord. Medulla, pons, cerebellum.

Hindbrain

Regulates blood pressure, heart rate and breathing

Medulla

Connect the Hindbrain with midbrain and forebrain. Also involved with the control of facial expressions.

Pons

Primitive brain coordination, balance and equilibrium, and memory for motor acts (muscle memory).

Cerebellum

If part of brain was damaged, other parts of the brain will cover for the damage.

Neuroplasticity

Very small in humans. But it’s responsible for some important functions. Integrates some types of sensory information and muscle movement. For example, If an X was on the screen move head back and forth midbrain is used to keep focus on the X.

Midbrain

Web like structure, used for general arousal, awake and sensory.

Reticular Formation

Includes: Thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus.

Forebrain

Receives sensory information from spinal cord sends signals to appropriate area of the brain. Transmit signals. Eyes-Optic Nerve-Occipital Lobe-Image.

Thalamus

Smaller structure right next to Thalamus. Responsible for metabolic processes such as: Body temp, sexual arousal, hunger, thirst, endocrine system. Hormones

Hypothalamus

Central role for emotional responses, attaches emotional content to our memories. Control center for emotions

Amygdala

Episodic memories, memories and senses, spatial orientation neurogenesis.

Hippocampus

More grooves in brain equals more space for the cranium. Known as Gyri and Sulci. The purpose is to increase surface area and enables for smaller but, smarter brain.

Bumps and Grooves

Railroad construction worker, unlikely survival when impaled by an iron rod. One of the first cases to suggest cerebral specialization. Different person when we he woke up from a coma. Personality change. Affected, consciousness, memory, emotional responses, empathy, impulsive decisions.

Phineas Gage

Mostly has to do with vision, primary vision cortex, interpret from eyes gather image from eyes builds a picture. Issues, visual field cuts, color agnPariosia (colorblind), production of hallucinations, movement agnosia.

Occipital Lobe

If info is traveling from optic love to thalamus gets lost and sent into different parts of brain.

Blindsight

Sensory information, gegurding touch, taste, temperature and pain.

Parietal Lobe

Proprioception, predictive ability. Example, swinging a bat.

Sensory Cortex

Face/head is very sensitive while rest of the body isn’t.

2 Point Distribution

Hearing, processing affect, emotions, language. Travel through thalamus then temporary lobe.

Temporary Lobe

Fibrous tissues that’s purpose is to connect the hemispheres of the left-side brain controls right side and vise versa.

Corpus Callosum

Deals with speech

Left Hemisphere

Deals with facial recognition

Right Hemisphere

Sees faces were faces can’t be seen

Pareidolia

Área of the brain that is chiefly responsible for structuring speech. Temporal Lobe of the dominant hemisphere.

Broca’s Area

Área of the brain that is chiefly responsible for the understanding of written and spoken language. In the particular lobe of the dominant side of the brain.

Wernicke Area

Consist of brain, brain stem, spinal cord.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous Systen

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Skeletal Muscle Movement

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Automatic, things we don’t think about. For example, the heart and lungs. Two parts

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Fight or flight mechanic, adrenaline.

Sympathetic

Homeostasis. Where we want to spend most of our time.

Parasympathetic