A&P Spring 2025

5 types of bones

Short, long, flat, sesamoid, irregular

ventral

Towards the front (belly)

Dorsal

Towards the back (spine)

Anterior

Toward ventral side

Posterior

Towards dorsal side

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Medial

Towards the midline |

Lateral

Away from the midline

Proximal

Closer to point of attachment

Distal

Further from point of attachment

Superficial

Closer to the surface of the body

Deep

Further from the surface of body

Osteoblasts

Cells that synthesize bone tissue and are responsible for bone formation.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue and function in the regulation of bone density.

Lacunae

cavities within bone that house osteocytes.

Canaliculi

Microscopic channels in the bone connect lacunae and help communication and nutrient exchange between osteocytes.

Osteoclasts

bone cells that break down bone tissue

Bony joints

immovable joints formed when bones fuse together, providing stability and strength.

Fibrous joints

joints connected by dense connective tissue, allowing for little to no movement.

cartilaginous joints

joints connected by cartilage, allowing for limited movement between bones.

Synovial joints

joints characterized by a fluid-filled cavity, allowing for a wide range of motion.

ball on socket joint

type of synovial joint, spherical head fits into a cup-like socket of another bone, allowing for rotational movement in multiple directions.

Condylar joint

type of synovial joint, oval-shaped end of one bone fits into a similarly shaped hollow of another bone, allowing movement in two planes.

Saddle joint

type of synovial joint, opposing surfaces are shaped like a saddle, allowing for movement in two planes, such as flexion, extension, and opposition.

Plane joint

joint type where flat or slightly curved surfaces glide over one another, allowing for limited movement in multiple directions.

Hinge joint

type of synovial joint where the cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface of another bone, allowing movement primarily in one plane, such as flexion and extension.

Pivot joint

type of synovial joint where a rounded end of one bone rotates within a ring formed by another bone and ligament, allowing for rotational movement.

Endomysium

a thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber

perimysium

a connective tissue sheath that surrounds groups of muscle fibers, or fascicles

Epimhsium

a connective tissue layer that surrounds an entire muscle

Fascia

a sheet of connective tissue that encloses muscles and other organs

myeloid tissue

a type of connective tissue that produces blood cells, primarily found in the bone marrow.

Epiphysis

the end part of a long bone, initially separated from the main bone by a growth plate.

metaphysis

the region between the diaphysis and epiphysis of a long bone, where growth occurs during development.

Sarcomere

z disc

the functional unit of a muscle fiber, responsible for muscle contraction.

ends of sacromere

aponeuroses

broad, flat tendons that connect muscles to the parts they move.

transverse formania

openings in the cervical vertebrae that allow for the passage of the vertebral arteries and veins. of

formania

are openings in bones that allow for the passage of nerves or blood vessels.

amphiathrosis

slightly moveable joint

diarthrosis

freely moving joint

Synovial fluid

fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints reduces friction between the articular cartilages during movement.

gomphosis

joint between a tooth and the mandible

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle

Slow oxidative

muscle fibers that have long endurance contract slowly, and are aerboic

Fast oxidative

muscle fibers that contract quickly have moderate endurance, both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.

Fast glycolic

muscle fibers that contract quickly, have low endurance, and primarily rely on anaerobic metabolism.