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Psychology IB paper 2 abnormal SL/HL. APFC stands for Aims, Procedure, Findings and Conclusion.
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What defines a mental disorder?
A clinically significant disturbance in an individualâs cognition, emotional regulation, and behaviour. It is usually associated with impairment in important areas of functioning and emotional distress.
What statistics can be used in an essay introduction about OCD?
OCD affects around 1.2% of adults in the UK
MOCI
The Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (collects self report data)
What is the âworry circuitâ
A neural network connecting the orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nucleus (part of the basal ganglia). This region sends impulses to the thalamus which triggers further thinking about these impulses. The pathways are rich in serotonin receptors. It is thought that people with OCD have less serotonin than healthy people.
Positives of SSRIs (crit thinking):
They are effective after a couple of weeks.
Writing/receiving a prescription and taking a drug is minimally invasive and takes up less of the clinician and patientâs time than therapy.
Negatives of SSRIs (crit thinking):
Reported side-effects of SSRIs include nausea, shakiness, feelings of anxiety, stomach aches and indigestion (according to the NHS).
Tolerance can be built up, meaning that dosages must be increased over time.
The patient may become dependant.
They donât address situational causes of OCD.
Which research method is used by Wang et al (2014)?
Case study
Wang et al (2014) APFC:
A: To investigate the effectiveness of ECT for severe OCD
P: Researchers investigated the courses, effects and after- information about 3 ECT patients (who had received 8, 3 and 4 courses respectively).
F: In all cases the patientsâ OCD and depression symptoms improved and remained stable at regular follow-ups
C: ECT may play an effective role at treating severe OCD
Which study can be used as supporting research for the benefits of self-directed ERP?
Amir (2015)
What were the findings of Amirâs study?
All completers of a 7-week sERP course significantly reduced their Y-BOCS scores from an average of 29/40 to 15.5/40
What research method was used by Eddy (2004)?
Meta-analysis (nb you CANNOT use this in a research methods question)
Eddy et al (2004) critical thinking:
Williams and Grisham (2013) AP:
A: To investigate the effectiveness of CBM on OCD
P: A volunteer sample of 89 adults with O/C symptoms did a task that involved imagining themselves in 164 situations targeting OCD core beliefs. They completed a self-report questionnaire measuring the severity of their symptoms. Then participants in the positive condition, all scenarios had positive endings while in the control condition there was a mix. Participants had their interpretational bias measured.
Behavioural tasks: imagining a loved one in a car crash and rating their distress.
Contamination task: number of wipes used on mouse/keyboard covertly counted.
Perfectionism: they were given very little time to write up the procedure for the next participant and asked to rate their faith in the writing.
Williams and Grisham (2013) FC:
F: A significant difference in interpretational bias between conditions (p < 0.01). Participants in positive condition had a clear shift towards a positive bias, but only to do with the statements relating to OCD and not general bias.
C: The task targeted the participantsâ core OCD beliefs and not just general bias. Severity of symptoms beforehand was not a factor in effectiveness. CBM therapy would be an effective treatment for anyone with mild or severe OCD symptoms.
What research method did Williams and Grisham (2013) use?
Lab experiment
What key aspects of culture may affect perception and treatment of disorders?
Stigma, awareness, interpretation of symptoms, help-seeking behaviour, social support, treatment approaches, language and communication
Give an example of a cultural preference for/against a particular medication
People of Asian heritage are less likely to be prescribed clomipramine because they are at risk of unpleasant side effects, which has been linked to a genetic polymorphism causing it to be metabolised more slowly
Which two studies can be used in an essay about cultural differences in OCD treatment?
Nicolini (2017) and Williams et al (2012)
What research method was used by Nicolini (2017)?
Literature review (nb. that this therefore cannot be used in a research methods question)
Which research method was used by Williams et al (2012)?
Questionnaire
Williams at al (2012) APFC:
A: Examine the barriers that prevent African Americans with OCD from receiving treatment
P: 71 AA adults with OCD took the Barriers to Treatment Participation Scale and Barriers to treatment questionnaire (BTPS, BTQ).
F: 6 of the 7 major barriers were cost, stigma, fear of therapy, feeling it wouldnât help, feeling no need, and logistic issues. Compared to European American online sample (n=108) there were unique concerns including not knowing where to find help and fears of discrimination.
C: Fear of shame in requesting treatment differs between cultures, along with many other barriers.
Williams et al (2012) critical thinking:
Only includes one culture
Doesnât consider religions aspects
Validity of questionnaire as a method?
Doesnât say what treatment participants ultimately received
High temporal validity