APUSH Unit 4 Study Guide

1) Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Acquisition of Louisiana territory from France. The purchase more than doubled the territory of the United States, opening vast tracts for settlement.

2) Warhawks (1811-1812)

Democratic-Republican Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from the South and West, the war hawks resented British constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier.

3) Henry Clay (1777-1852)

Senator who persuaded congress to accept the missouri compromise, which admitted maine into the union as a free state, and missouri as a slave state.

4) John C. Calhoun (1782-1850)

War-hawk congressman that argued that war with Britain was the would be the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and Destroy Native American resistance on the frontier.

5) Tecumseh (1768-1813)

Tecumseh was a Native American leader of the Shawnee and a large tribal confederacy which opposed the United States during Tecumseh's War and became an ally of Britain in the War of 1812.

6) strict vs. loose interpretation

strict

7) John Marshall (1755-1835)

A Federalist Stronghold

8) judicial review period 4

the ability of a court to examine and decide if a statute, treaty or administrative regulation contradicts or violates the provisions of existing law, a State Constitution, or ultimately the United States Constitution.

9) Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Supreme Court case that established the principle of "judicial review"—the idea that the Supreme Court had the final authority to determine constitutionality.

10) Hartford Convention (1814-1815)

Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House.

11) impressment (1793-1815)

Act of forcibly drafting an individual into military service, employed by the British navy against American seamen in times of war against France . Impressment was a continual source of conflict between Britain and the United States in the early national period.

12) Embargo Act (1807)

Enacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, the Act banned the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign port. The embargo placed great strains on the American economy while only marginally affecting its European targets, and was therefore repealed in 1809.

13) Nonintercourse Act (1809)

The collective name given to six statutes passed by the Congress in 1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834. The Act regulates commerce between Americans and Native Americans.

14) War of 1812 (1812-1815)

Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers.

15) Andrew Jackson (1767-1845)

7th president of US, term from March 4th, 1829- March 4th, 1837,who was well known for the Indian Removal Act, the Cherokee Trail of Tears, the seizure of Spanish Florida, the battle of New Orleans, the declaration of war on the Federalist bank of America, the creation of the spoils system, and the pursuing of all Indian lands east of the Mississippi River.

16) Treaty of Ghent (1815)

Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war.

17) Lewis & Clark expedition (1804-1806)

Team of adventurers, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific. Louis and Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West's flora, fauna and native populations, and their voyage demonstrated the viability of overland travel to the west.

18) Francis Scott Key's "Star Spangled Banner" (1812)

National anthem of the US from "Defense of Fort McHenry" written by Francis Scott Key after witnessing bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy ships in Chesapeake Bay during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812.

19) Era of Good Feelings (1816-1824)

Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank.

20) sectionalism (1860s)

a devotion to the interests of one geographic region over the interests of the country as a whole, ultimately led to the Union's worst crisis

21) James Monroe 4th president from 1809-1817;

author and "Father of the Constitution;" co-wrote the Federalist Papers and wrote the Bill of Rights; secretly co-authored the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798; as Secretary of State for Jefferson he supervised the Louisiana Purchase, sponsored the Embargo Act of 1807; supported the creation of the second National Bank and high tariff in 1815.

22) Protective Tariff (1816)

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.

23) Henry Clay's American System (1820s)

Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff and a federally funded transportation network.

24) 2nd Bank of the U.S (1816)

The Second Bank of the United States was chartered in 1816, five years after the First Bank of the United States lost its own charter. Like the First Bank, the Second Bank was also chartered for 20 years, and also failed to have its charter renewed. It existed for 5 more years as an ordinary bank before going bankrupt in 1841.

25) Erie Canal (1825)

New York state canal that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueling an economic boom in upstate New York and increasing the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest.

26) factory system (1800s)

a method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor.The system arose in the course of the Industrial Revolution. The factory system replaced the domestic system, in which individual workers used hand tools or simple machinery to fabricate goods in their own homes or in workshops attached to their homes.

27) Lowell System

A series of mills and factories were built along the Merrimack River by the Boston Manufacturing Company, an organization founded in years prior by the man for whom the resulting city was named, Francis Cabot Lowell. The workforce at these factories was three-quarters women.

28) industrialization

Factories spread across the U.S, leading to an increase in job demand and mass produced goods, and sustainability.

29) specialization

when people, businesses, regions, and/or nations concentrate on goods and services that they can produce better than anyone else

30) unions

Low wages and unsafe working conditions cause workers to revolt and group together. The first of these was founded in Philadelphia, 1828.

31) market revolution (1700s-1800s)

Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century transformation from a disaggregated, subsistence economy to a national commercial and industrial network.

32) Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal Constitution.

33) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the State of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank.

34) Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819)

Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments.

35) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Suit over whether New York State could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that Congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce.

36) implied powers

Implied powers refers to the powers of the government found in the constitution in unwritten forms

37) Tallmadge Amendment (1819)

Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

38) Missouri Compromise (1820)

Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36°30'.

39) Florida Purchase Treaty

Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the United States, which, in exchange, abandoned its claims to Texas.

40) Monroe Doctrine(1823)

Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets.

41) Nativists

a person who favors those born in his country and is opposed to immigrants, specifically, a native born American who wants to limit immigration (and outside influence). They hated minorities, immigrants and Catholics

42) Know-Nothing Party (1850s)

Nativist political party, also known as the American party, which emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics.

43) planters

South governed by select few rich people, was the head of the southern society. they determined the political, economic, and even the social life of their region.

44) the West

Those who traversed the Great Plains found large settlements of Indians, along with scatterings of Mexicans, Asians, and Anglo-Americans, many of whom were Mormons who had settled in the Utah region. White pioneers who had moved westward were often trappers or miners who were seeking new and fertile sources of their commodities.

45) American Indian removal(1830)

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

46) Great Plains

The frontier that was settled by thousands during the Homestead Act of 1862

47) urbanization

Rapid population growth, slums, bad streets, impure water, bad sewage, unsanitary -high birth rates, immigrants (displaced people)

48) Tammany Hall

A political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

49) King Cotton

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the South's cotton. In a speech to the Senate in 1858, James Hammond declared, "You daren't make war against cotton! ...Cotton is king!".

50) Nat Turner

Slave from VA that led group of slaves to kill their slaves holders and families. Turner caught and executed on Nov.11, 1831. Slave states stricter control on slave population.

51) slave codes(1700s)

early 18th century laws limited the rights of Blacks, gave almost absolute authority to white masters, color was the only factor in determining if someone subject to slave codes

52) Industrial Revolution (1820-1840)

The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 1790s to 1860s where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times.

53) Cyrus McCormick (1809-1844)

Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America.

54) Daniel Webster (1782-1852)

Leader of Whig Party

55) Indian Removal Act (1830)

Ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles.

56) Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

Marshall denied Cherokee's independence and sided with Georgia

57) Worchester v. Georgia (1832)

Marshal then sided with Cherokee and stated that they were indeed independent

58) Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

Forced march of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some 4,000 Cherokee died on the arduous journey.

59) Bank of the US (1790s)

a central bank, chartered for a term of twenty years, by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. The government deposited money from taxes into and issued paper money

60) Nicholas Biddle (1786-1844)

Ran the bank from 1832 on, he had done much to put the institution on a sound and prosperous basis. Nevertheless, many Americans, among them Andrew Jackson, were determined to destroy it.

61) Specie Circular (1836)

U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with "hard," or metallic, currency. Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West.

62) pet banks (1833)

Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833.

63) Panic of 1837 (1837)

Economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson's efforts to curb over speculation on western lands and transportation improvements. In response, President Martin Van Buren proposed the "Divorce Bill," which pulled treasury funds out of the banking system altogether, contracting the credit supply.

64) Martin Van Buren (1837)

created the system of party government. claimed that political parties were necessary to "check" the government from abusing its power. created the first political machine. denounced the American System and opposed the Whigs. (Jackson's successor)

65) universal white

the principle that every adult male citizen is entitled to vote. In the United States, it was always assumed that this did not apply to slaves and the legal fiction that Indian tribes are sovereign nations kept the franchise away from them as well.

66) male suffrage

allowed all free white males to vote and hold office without having to own land or belong to a particular religious group

67) spoils system

Policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at the federal level by Andrew Jackson. The practice was widely abused by unscrupulous office seekers, but it also helped cement party loyalty in the emerging two-party system.

68) corrupt bargain (1824)

Alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams' favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson, who had actually garnered a plurality of the popular vote in 1824.

69) John Quincy Adams (PRES. 1825-1829)

6th president from 1825-1829; served in the Senate and House of Representatives; son of President John Adams; helped formulate the Monroe Doctrine as Secretary of State; lost his re-election to Andrew Jackson; viewed as one of the greatest diplomats in American history.

70) Tariff of 1828 (1828)

Noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports. Southerners vehemently opposed the Tariff, arguing that it hurt Southern farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs, but were forced to pay higher prices for manufactures.

71) Revolution of 1828 (1828)

Jackson's election showed shift of political power to "the common man", when the government changed hands from quincy adams to jackson

72) nullification crisis (1832-1833)

Showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833.

73) Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)

An argument between Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne, about the issue states' rights versus national power. Webster said that Hayne was a challenge to the integrity of the Union. Hayne responded with a defense of the theory of nullification. Webster then spent two full afternoons delivering what became known as his "Second Reply to Hayne." He concluded with the ringing appeal

74) Democrats (1828)

One of the two major U.S political party;founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson to support a decentralized government and state's rights

75) Whigs (1834-1855)

a member of a political party that was formed in opposition to the Democratic party, and favored economic expansion and a high protective tariff, while opposing the strength of the presidency in relation to the legislature.

76) log cabin and hard cider campaign (1840)

A strategy used by the Whig party in election of 1840 to make Harrison look like the common man who drinks cider and lives in a log cabin even though it was a false image.

77) utopian communities (1800s)

Group of small societies that appeared during the 1800s in an effort to reform American society and create a "perfect" environment (Ex. Shakers, Oneidas, Brook Farm, etc.).

78) Shakers (1770s)

Called "Shakers" for their lively dance worship, they emphasized simple, communal living and were all expected to practice celibacy. First transplanted to America from England by Mother Ann Lee, the Shakers counted six thousand members by 1840, though by the 1940s the movement had largely died out.

79) Oneida community (1848)

One of the more radical utopian communities established in the nineteenth century, it advocated "free love", birth control, and eugenics. Utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age.

80) Horace mann (1796-1859)

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.

81) temperance (1850s)

Campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages (later repealed) majorly revolted by men,women advocated,owners advocated,deficiency of labor

82) Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, and separating them from actual criminals, beginning in the 1820's. She was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She wanted to rehabilitate inmates so they could successfully integrate into society.

83) American Colonization Society (1817)

established by Virginians worried of the impact of slavery and race on society. They argued slavery had to end, and Americans had to send black slaves back to Africa. Was a failure of a plan. Few planters freed their slaves, some blacks didn't want to leave even. America even bought land in africa, liberia, to place the slaves. Only six thousand slaves were transported. West coast of africa.

84) American Antislavery Society (1833)

Abolitionists who spoke out against slavery

85) abolitionism (1830s)

The effort to do away with slavery. It had its roots in the North in the 1700s. It became a major issue in the 1830s and dominated politics after 1840. Congress became a battleground between pro and anti-slavery forces from the 1830's to the Civil War.

86) William Lloyd Garrison's The Liberator (1831)

An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed.

87) Frederick Douglass (1818-1895)

Influential writer. one of the most prominent african american figures in the abolitionist movement. escaped from slavery in maryland. he was a great thinker and speaker. published his own antislavery newspaper called the north star and wrote an autobiography that was published in 1845.

88) Sojourner Truth (1797-1883)

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women

89) David Walker (1820s)

a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. wrote pamphlet on black pride. he wrote the "appeal to the colored citizens of the world." it called for a bloody end to white supremacy. he believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

90) antebellum (1781-1860)

The time period before the Civil War during which there were many reforms, including the establishment of free (tax-supported) public schools, improving the treatment of the mentally ill, controlling/abolishing the sale of alcohol, winning equal legal/political rights for women, and abolishing slavery.

91) romantic movement (1800-1850)

was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas.

92) transcendentalists (mid-1800s)

Literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicated upon a belief that each person possesses an "inner- light" that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God.

93) Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)

United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism (1803-1882)

94) Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)

He was a poet, a mystic, a transcendentalist, a nonconformist, and a close friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson who lived from 1817-1862. He condemned government for supporting slavery

95) Hudson River School (mid-1800s)

American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes.

96) Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)

Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. he was a descendant of puritan settlers.

97) Second Great Awakening (early 1800s)

Religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion. Brought about a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members.

98) Mormons (1830)

Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s, officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Mormons, facing deep hostility from their non-Mormon neighbors, eventually migrated west and established a flourishing settlement in the Utah desert.

99) Joseph Smith (1805-1844)

Reported to being visited by an angel and given golden plates in 1840; the plates, when deciphered, brought about the Church of Latter Day Saints and the Book of Mormon; he ran into opposition from Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri when he attempted to spread the Mormon beliefs; he was killed by those who opposed him

100) women's rights movement (1847-1920)

The goal was to gain the right to vote, along with black men, include women in the 15th amendment, wide range of reforms.