BIO115H Final

Yeasts

single celled fungus, carry out fermentation

Hyphae

One of many connected filaments that collectively make up the mycelium of a fungus.

Chitin

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

Septa

One of the cross-walls that divide a fungal hypha into cells. Septa generally have pores large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow from cell to cell.

coenocytic fungus

a fungus that lacks septa and hence whose body is made up of a continuous cytoplasmic mass that may contain hundreds or thousands of nuclei

mycelium

densely branched network of the hyphae of a fungus

Arbuscules

Specialized branching hyphae that are found in some mutualistic fungi and exchange nutrients with living plant cells.

Mycorrhizae

A mutualistic association of plant roots and fungus

Ectomycorrhizal fungi

A symbiotic fungus that forms sheaths of hyphae over the surface of plant roots and also grows into extracellular spaces of the root cortex.

arbuscular mycorrhizae

A symbiotic fungus whose hyphae grow through the cell wall of plant roots and extend into the root cell (enclosed in tubes formed by invagination of the root cell plasma membrane).

spores

a haploid cell, produced either sexually or asexually, that produces a mycelium after germination

endophytes

A harmless fungus, or occasionally another organism, that lives between cells of a plant part or multicellular alga.

lichen

The mutualistic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic alga or cyanobacterium.

mycosis

general term for a fungal infection

tissues

An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.

cleavage

The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; specifically.

blastula

A hollow ball of cells that marks the end of the cleavage stage during early embryonic development in animals.

gastrulation

In animal development, a series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula-stage embryo folds inward, producing a three-layered embryo, the gastrula.

gastrula

An embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

larva

A free-living, sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult in morphology, nutrition, and habitat.

metamorphosis

A developmental transformation that turns an animal larva into either an adult or an adult-like stage that is not yet sexually mature.

Ediacaran biota

An early group of macroscopic, soft-bodied, multicellular eukaryotes known from fossils that range in age from 635 million to 535 million years old.

Cambrian explosion

A relatively brief time in geologic history when many present-day phyla of animals first appeared in the fossil record. This burst of evolutionary change occurred about 535-525 million years ago and saw the emergence of the first large, hard-bodied animals.

bilaterians

Member of a clade of animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers.

body plan

In multicellular eukaryotes, a set of morphological and developmental traits that are integrated into a functional whole—the living organism.

endoderm

innermost germ layer; develops into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system

ectoderm

outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin

diploblastic

Having two germ layers.

Mesoderm

middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

Triploblastic

Possessing three germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Most eumetazoans are triploblastic.

body cavity

A fluid- or air-filled space between the digestive tract and the body wall.

coelom

A body cavity lined by tissue derived only from mesoderm.

hemocoel

a body cavity lined by tissue derived from mesoderm and by tissue derived from endoderm

protostome development

In animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the mouth from the blastopore; often also characterized by spiral cleavage and by the body cavity forming when solid masses of mesoderm split.

deuterostome development

In animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the anus from the blastopore; often also characterized by radial cleavage and by the body cavity forming as outpockets of mesodermal tissue.

spiral cleavage

A type of embryonic development in protostomes, in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells occur obliquely to the polar axis, resulting in cells of each tier sitting in the grooves between cells of adjacent tiers.

determinate cleavage

A type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early.

radial cleavage

A type of embryonic development in deuterostomes in that the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are either parallel or perpendicular to the polar axis, thereby aligning tiers of cells one above the other.

indeterminate cleavage

A type of embryonic development in deuterostomes, in which each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo.

archenteron

The endoderm-lined cavity, formed during gastrulation, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal.

blastospore

In a gastrula, the opening of the archenteron that typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes.

deuterostomia

one of the three main lineages of bilaterian animals

Lophotrochozoa

One of the three main lineages of bilaterian animals; lophotrochozoans include organisms that have lophophores or trochophore larvae

lophophore

In some lophotrochozoan animals, including brachiopods, a crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth and function in feeding.

trochophore larva

Distinctive larval stage observed in some lophotrochozoan animals, including some annelids and molluscs.

Ecdysozoa

One of the three main lineages of bilaterian animals; many ecdysozoans are molting animals

invertebrate

An animal without a backbone

filter feeders

an animal that feeds by using a filtration mechanism to strain small organisms or food particles from its surroundings

Spongocoel

The central cavity of a sponge.

osculum

A large opening on a sponge through which filtered water is expelled

choanocytes

A flagellated feeding cell found in sponges. Also called a collar cell, it has a collar-like ring that traps food particles around the base of its flagellum.

mesohyl

a gelatinous region between the two layers of cells of a sponge

Amoebocytes

An amoeba-like cell that moves by pseudopodia and is found in most animals. Depending on the species, it may digest and distribute food, dispose of wastes, form skeletal fibers, fight infections, or change into other cell types.

hermaphrodites

organisms that contain both female and male sex organs.

sequential hermaphroditism

function first as one sex and then as the other

eumetazoans

all animals, with the exception of porifera and a few others, that have tissues, therefore are considered true animals, and are a part of this group

porifera

phylum that includes sponges

gastrovascular cavity

Digestive chamber with a single opening, in which cnidarians, flatworms, and echinoderms digest food

Polyps

The largely sessile variant of the cnidarian body plan.

Medusa

The floating, flattened, mouth-down version of the cnidarian body plan

cnidocytes

Special stinging structures on cnidarians that look like small harpoons.

Nematocysts

Small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators

Medusozoans

all cnidarians that produce a medusa (jellies, box jellies, hydrozoans) typically alternate between medusa and polyps

Anthozoa, Medusozoa

What are the two clades of cnidarians (that we learned)?

Anthozoa

Clade that sea anemones and coral belong to. Occur only as polyps

Exoskeleton

A body covering that provides support and protection

Calcium Carbonate

In anthozoans, the exoskeleton is typically made from this chemical compound

Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, Deuterostomia

The clade bilateria contains these three groups.

False

True or false: Bilaterians MUST have a body cavity

True

True or false: Bilaterians MUST have three germ layers (triploblastic)

Body Cavity

What do flat worms lack?

Surface Area

The lack of a body cavity in flat worms helps increase this, which helps with the diffusion of nutrients

Diffusion

How do flatworms perform gas exchange?

False

True or false: Flatworms have specialized organs for gas exchange

protonephridia

an excretory system, such as the flame bulb system of flatworms, consisting of a network of tubules lacking internal openings

Circulatory

The gastrovascular cavity of flatworms has fine branches that distribute food directly to the animal's cells, which makes up for the lack of this body system

Catenulida and Rhabditophora

The two lineages of the phylum Platyhelminthes are the ________ and the ________.

Planarian

A free-living flatworm found in unpolluted ponds and streams.

Alimentary Canal

digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

hydrostatic skeleton

A fluid skeleton in many soft-bodied invertebrates, including annelids, that allows an organism to change shape but not volume.

parthenogenesis

a form of asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs

Lochophore

Bilaterians in the phyla Ectoprocta and Brachiopoda have this

ectoproct

A sessile, colonial lophophorate; also called a bryozoan.

brachiopod

A marine lophophorate with a shell divided into dorsal and ventral halves; also called lamp shells.

Mollusca

snails, slugs, clams, and octopuses

Second

Mollusca are the _____________ most diverse group of animals

Soft

All bodies of molluscs are....

Calcium Carbonate

The bodies of molluscs are covered in a hard shell made of this material

Hemocoel

The primary body cavity of molluscs

Foot

One of the three main parts of a mollusc, used for mobility

Visceral Mass

the part of the molluscan body that contains all of the organs, with the exception of the animal's head and foot

Mantle

a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell in molluscs

Mantle Cavity

A water-filled chamber that houses the gills, anus, and excretory pores of a mollusc.

Radula

An organ covered with teeth that mollusks use to scrape food into their mouths

Annelida

phylum of segmented worms

Ecydysozoa

clade of invertebrates that undergo ecdysis

Ecydysozoa

Most species rich animal group

Cuticle

Ecydysozoa include animals that shed a

Ecdysis

Also known as molting

Nematodes and arthropods

the two largest phyla of ecdysozoans