CMN 10V exam 1 study guide

Pyramid of communication (top to bottom)

Societal, Institutional, Group, Interpersonal

Linear Model (Laswell 1948) [original model of communication] 

Who -> what -> channel -> whom -> effect 

Transmission model- Shannon & Weaver (1949) [refined Laswell’s model] 

Sender -> message -> channel -> receiver -> effect; noise can disrupt each arrow

David Berlo’s SMCR model 

Sender -> message -> channel -> receiver 

Theory of encoding & decoding (4 stages) 

Production, circulation, use, reproduction

Types of decoding (results in diff meaning) 

Dominant: Decoding matches encoding. Negotiated: Shares some traits with dominant meaning. Oppositional: different from, often in opposition to, dominant meaning 

INTERACTIVE models 

Theorists added feedback to their models

TRANSACTIONAL models (fixes problems of linear and interactive models) 

Both communicators both send and receive messages 

Quantitative research

to gather information in numerical form 

Qualitative research

provides nonnumerical knowledge about communication

Critical research

scholars identify and challenge communication practices that oppress, marginalize, or otherwise harm individuals and social groups 

rhetorical criticism

process of examining a text to see how it works communicatively

Power of language

arbitrariness, ambiguity, and abstraction 

brute facts

objective, concrete phenomena and activities

institutional facts

meanings of brute facts based on human interpretation

Regulative rules

regulate interaction by specifying when, how, where, and with whom to communicate about certain things 

Constitutive rules

define what a particular communication means or stands for 

Symbolic abilities 

definition, totalizing, loaded language, reappropiation

Self has 2 aspects: I and me 

I: acts impulsively in response to inner needs and desires, regardless of social norms. Me: self-conscious part of self that monitors and moderates the I’s impulses 

Static evaluation

an assessment that suggests that something is unchanging 

Indexing words

a technique to remind us that our evaluations apply only to specific times and circumstances 

Speech acts

utterances w/ a performative function 

Pragmatics

is the study of how the context or social setting plays a role in the use and interpretation of language 

computer mediated communication

defined as human communication that happens through the use of digital devices 

Social presence theory (Short, Williams & Christle, 1977) 

Social presence is the awareness of others, Fewer the number of cues, the less social Prescence 

Media richness theory (Daft & Lengel ,1984) 

Describes a medium’s ability to reproduce the information sent over it 

Reduced social context cues (Sproull & Kiesler, 1986) 

Lack of norms, self-focus, and anonymity can lead to hostile, uninhibited behavior

Social information processing theory 

forming impressions takes longer in CMC. eventually, CMC impressions will approximate FTF impressions

Hyperpersonal communication (Walther, 1996) 

CMC use can lead to more exaggerated impressions in comparison to FTF encounters 

Social communities

individuals are affected not only by the culture, but also by membership in groups outside of mainstream culture  

Standpoint theory

claims that social groups within a culture distinctively shape members’ perceptions, identities, expectations, knowledge, and so forth; standpoints reflect power positions in society 

Individualism/collectivism

refers to the extent to which members of a culture understand themselves as part of a connected to their families, groups, and cultures 

Uncertainty avoidance

refers to the extent to which people want to avoid ambiguity and vagueness  

Power distance

size of the gap between people with high and low power and the extent to which that is regarded as normal 

masculinity/ femininity

distribution of masculine or feminine characteristics

Long-Term/ Short-Term Orientation

extent to which members of a culture think about long term (history and future) versus short term (present) 

The demographic imperative 

Changes come from changing demographics and changing immigration patterns 

The economic imperative 

As workforce is diverse, employers and employees should know more about intercultural communication 

Technological imperative 

Can find out information about any culture through internet 

Self-awareness imperative 

Allows to realize our own biases/flaws/subconscious thoughts 

Culture as an Iceberg (top to bottom)

artifacts and behaviors —> norms, beliefs, and assumptions —> values

Secure attachment style:

develops when a child’s primary caregiver responds in a consistently attentive and loving way to a child 

Fearful attachment style

when primary caregiver communicates negative, rejecting, or abusive ways with a child 

Dismissive attachment styles

caregivers who are uninterested in, rejecting of, or abusive toward children 

Anxious/abivalent attachment style

inconsistent treatment from caregiver 

Reflected appraisal

process of seeing ourselves through the eyes of others is called reflected appraisal, or the “looking-glass self” 

Johari Window 

Open area is known to ourselves and others, Blind is stuff others have but we don’t, Unknown is stuff that neither of us know, Hidden area is what we know but choose not to reveal to others 

2 major types of consequences for gender-based language 

Judging others based on gender-based language use AND Social influence depends on gender-based language use  

Interpersonal communication

verbal and nonverbal interaction between two (or sometimes more than two) interdependent people 

Relationships occur in stages (relationship development model)  

Contact --> involvement --> intimacy --> deterioration --> repair --> disillusion 

Contact 

Perceptual contact (see, hear, smell) and Interactional contact (superficial and impersonal) 

Involvement 

testing other person now and see if initial judgement was right 

Intimacy  

Interpersonal commitment, people commit to each other privately and publicly through social bonding 

Deterioration 

Intrapersonal deterioration, Experience personal dissatisfaction with daily acts; Interpersonal deterioration, start seeing negative future 

Repair 

Intrapersonal repair and interpersonal repair 

Disillusion

Bonds between individuals are broken 

Social Penetration Theory 

peeling onion of self disclosure

breadth dimension

range of topics where self-disclosure takes place 

depth dimension

intimacy level of self-disclosure

De-penetration

gradual process of layer-by-layer withdrawal 

Social Exchange Theory 

Relationship behavior and status are regulated by parties’ evaluations of perceived rewards and costs of interaction with each other 

Relationship dialectics

opposing and continuous tensions that are normal in all close relationships

Autonomy/connection

desires to be separate and connected on the other 

Novelty/predictability

tension between desire for familiar routines and desire for novelty 

Openness/closedness

involves desire for openness in tension with the desire for privacy 

4 ways for friends and partners deal with dialectical tensions 

neutralization, separation, segmentation, reframing

political impact of news (macro level)

Indirect impact: news > public opinion > politics 

political impact of news (Individual level )

agenda setting effect, news priming effect, framing effect, presumed influence,

Agenda setting effect

News emphasis -> audience perception of issue importance 

News Priming effect

So, news shapes the criterion of political decision 

Framing effect 

News frame -> audience issue interpretation 

Presumed influence

News -> perception of social norm -> opinion/behavior 

Political ads v News 

goal, production mechanism, message distribution, ad exposure

Two step flow & communication mediation 

Two step flow is lead by opinion leaders while mediation treats everyone as equals and encouraging conversations 

Effects of political discussion 

political understanding, group identity heightened, political participation

Downsides of political discussion 

communication inequality, not always rational, generate, uncivil discussion makes negative outcomes

intrapersonal communication

communication with ourselves

content level meaning

literal message

relationship level meaning

expresses relationship between communicators

Homeostasis

Systems seek equilibrium

Noise

interferes with intended meaning of communication

Openness

extent to which a system affects and is affected by the outside factors and processes

System

can change and generate new patterns, include not only their original part but also changes in those elements and new elements caused by interaction

Ethos 

based on speaker’s credibility 

logos

logic and reasoning 

Organizational culture

understandings about an org’s identity and codes of thought and actin that members of an org share 

pathos

appeals to emotions 

triangulation

Studying phenomena in multiple ways 

Artifacts

personal objects we use to announce our identity and to personalize our environment 

chronemics

perception and use of time 

haptics

touch

kinesics

face and body motion

Olfactics

smell

Paralanguage

vocal qualities

proxemics

personal space

silence

lack of communicated sound

Abstract

words are not the phenomena to which they refer 

Ambiguous

it doesn’t have clear-cut, precise meanings 

arbitrary

verbal symbols are not intrinsically connected to what they represent 

Communication rules

shared understandings among members of a particular culture of social group about what communication mean