CPR and First Aid Study Guide

Critical thinking

clearly and rationally identifying the connection between information and action

closed loop communication

repeat instructions when directed to perform a task

team leader role

to communicate to the care team the paitents status and care previously provided

Left Uterine displacement (LUD)

Technique used in a pregnant patient to move the gravid uterus ip and toward the left to relieve pressure on the inferior vena cava and maximize the return of blood to the heart and cardiac output

ROSC

Return of Spontaneous Circulation- when pulses return to a patient who has been in cardiac arrest

AED pad placement: Adult and Child

upper right chest and lower left chest

AED pad placement: infant

middle of chest and center of the back between shoulder blades

Can you use adult pads on a child?

Yes if 8 and older, younger need ped pads

Can you use adult pads on a infant?

Yes, if PED pads are not available

Steps for AED use

Turn the AED on.

Follow the prompts you see and hear.

Cautions with AED use

remove from water, no puddles around, remove wet clothing, dry victims chest, look for implanted devices, remove chest hair, pads not touching metal

AED use (how does it work)

Turn it on and listen to prompts it tells you to do

Infant

1 month to 1 year

Child

1 to the onset of puberty

Adult

13 and older

Naloxone

may be administered for overdosed patients every 2-3 minutes as needed

care for conscious choking adult

Abdominal thrusts: 5

Back blows: 5

care for conscious choking infant

5 back blows and 5 chest thrusts

care for conscious choking child

5 back blows and 5 chest thrusts

care for knocked out teeth

pack socket with gauze, don't touch root, store tooth in saliva, cold milk, hanks solution, and water if nothing else

care for nosebleed

Have the victim sit leading head forward

have them pinch the top of there nostrils for about 5 to 10 minutes to stop the bleeding

you may apply the ice pack to help with the pain, if there is any

After the bleeding stop, DO NOT have the victim rub blow or pick there noise this can stop the clotting and cause the noise to bleed again

***If the victim loses consciousness, place the victim on there side to allow the blood to drain form the noise and summon EMS immedialty

Care for unconscious choking

call 911 and give cpr abdominal thrusts

care for conscious person that becomes unconscious while choking

lower them to the ground and begin CPR starting with chest compressions. then start rescue breaths. remove object in mouth if you see one.

near drowning

temporary survival

drowning

death from suffocation due to submersion

care for drowning

activate EMS, remove from water, ABC's watch for injuries to head, neck, spine.

care for deep water emergencies

activate EMS, place on left side to aid in drainage, provide life support, monitor vitals, and ABC's.

Barotrauma

"the squeeze" ascent or descent. Air pressure inside cavities is too great and it ruptures

decompression sickness

"the bends" diver ascents too quickly. nitrogen bubbles enter blood and tissues

air embolism

breath holding during decent. rapid onset, alveoli burst. make it difficult to carry blood and oxygen to the body

mammalian diving reflex

helps prevent death after prolonged, submersion in icy water.

secondary drowning

Victim is resuscitated but dies from aspiration pneumonia

dry drowning

don't aspirate water

wet drowning

aspirate water (water in lungs)

care for bleeding

o Direct pressure- apply clean material to wound and cover completely. Press firmly w/ constant pressure. Don't remove layers, apply them.

o Elevation- elevate above heart.

o Indirect pressure- pressure points

o Devices used to control bleeding- air splint, pressure bandage, BP cuff, tourniquet.

sources of bleeding

arteries, veins, capillaries

arterial bleeding

spurting, bright red blood

venous bleed

steady flow of dark red blood

capillary bleed

oozing and dark red

hematoma

a solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues; bruise

hemophiliac

suffers from a disease that causes uncontrolled bleeding. wont clot naturally

signs and symptoms of internal bleeding

shock, pale cool skin, cough or vomiting blood, affected area will be tender or swollen or rigid, bruising

do you call 911 first or control severe bleeding first?

control severe bleeding

Adult hand placement

2 hands in center of chest

Child hand placement

2 hands in center of chest

infant hand placement

two fingers on center of the chest

chest compression depth adult

at least 2 inches

chest compression depth child

about 2 inches

chest compression depth infant

about 1 1/2 inches

rate per minute adult

100-120

rate per minute child

100-120

rate per minute infant

100-120

compression to breath ratio adult (1)

30:2

compression to breath ratio child (1)

30:2

compression to breath ratio infant (1)

30:2

compression to breath ratio adult

30:2

compression to breath ratio child

15:2

compression to breath ratio infant

15:2

what makes an effective chest compression?

depth, rate, consistency

common cpr mistakes

not enough depth, head tilt not right, not giving rescue breaths

when to stop CPR

only when signs of life are shown, AED is ready to use, someone else takes over, too tired to continue, if the person is breathing on their own

how is CPR different when an advanced airway is in place?

rescuers will no longer perform cpr cycles

3 C's

Check, Call, Care

Check the scene, is it safe, what happened, how many victims, can bystanders help.

Call 911 and explain details, what care has been given, condition of victim, condition of scene, location of scene

Care for the victim

ABC's

airway, breathing, circulation

a- check for blockages

b- look (for chest rising) listen (for breaths) feel (breath coming out of nose or mouth)

c- check pulse

what does it mean to size up the scene?

use senses to check for hazards (i.e. gas leak, fire, explosion), determining what caused the injury or illness, determining # of victims, determining what additional help might be needed, put on appropriate PPE

Anaphylaxis

· A severe response to an allergen in which the symptoms develop quickly, and without help, the patient can die within a few minutes (medical emergency)

S/s- itching, burning skin, flushed skin, cyanosis of lips, hives, swelling, weak pulse, low BP

when is it appropriate to use a tourniquet and rules for applying?

· Place 2-3 inches above the wound.

Write time of application on pt. or tourniquet

severe bleeding

how long to check for signs of life and when do you re-check?

10 seconds

after 5 cycles ot 2 min of CPR

How many cycles of CPR in 2 minutes?

5 cycles

how to check for unconscious

taping on shoulder, asking if they are okay, look for movement, agonal breathing

How to open airway (head tilt/chin lift vs. jaw thrust, when to use each one)

Head tilt/ chin lift

· 2-3 tips of fingers under lower jaw/chin

· Other hand on victim's forehead

· Lift and tilt head back

· Open mouth w/ thumb

Jaw- thrust maneuver.

· Hands on sides of victim's head

· Grasp jawbone making E w/ 3rd, 4th, and 5th finger.

· Move haw forward and upward.

· Do not tilt head or head.

how to recognize an emergency

look for unusual noises, sights, odors, appearances and behaviors

example: screams, breaking glass, crashing metal

liability

legal accountability for performance of duties to others

Negligence

a breach of the health care provider's obligation to follow the appropriate standard of care, which results in hard to the patients.

resonable man test

defense against negligence. Did you do what a similar person would do w/ the same background and training.

duty to act

an obligation to provide care to a patient. once you begin you must continue.

physical changes in the elderly

· Hypertension, GI problems, skin easier to damage and heals slower, less ability to fight disease, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis.

physiological differences between kids and adults

· Lack ability to describe pain.

· Don't like strangers.

· Lack body awareness to locate pain.

Lack vocabulary

primary survey

determine presence of any life- threatening emergencies. Initial assessment of airway, breathing, and circulation. Vital signs.

secondary survey

a head to toe physical assessment. Done after life threatening injuries are controlled

purpose of CPR

· To provide oxygenated blood to the brain and vital organs.

Circulate blood

1st degree burn

Only the epidermis (red, painful, and edema)

2nd degree burn

epidermis and part of dermis (blistered and some thickening)

3rd degree burn

· widespread thickness and leather. Appearance; destroys epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.

care for burns

Cool burn, remove rings or tight items, do NOT break blisters, apply lotion, bandage burn, take pain reliever

heart attack

· heart isn't getting oxygen it needs, myocardial infarction.

· Care- 911, CPR if not breathing, place person into comfortable position (usually sitting), give aspirin if possible.

congestive heart failure

when L ventricle can no longer pump blood effectively to body.

pulmonary edema

· fluid builds up behind L side of the heart and causes pressure to increase the pulmonary capillaries. Causes fluid to leak into lungs.

angina

Pain in the chest occurring when blood supply to the heart is reduced and a portion of it isn't receiving enough oxygen

Chemical burns

· ingestion, inhalation, or injection of acids or alkaline.

· Care- EMS, flush w/ water for 30-60 minutes, use only warm water.

o Specifics about chemical burns to the eye- pour water from the inside corner to outside corner; remove contacts.

electrical burns

· contact w/ faulty electrical wiring, electrical cords, or high voltage power lines.

Care- protect yourself and unplug electrocution source, activate EMS, monitor ABCs and vital signs

pneumothorax

air in the chest cavity, not lungs

open pneumothorax

chest wound allow air into chest cavity (sucking chest wound)

tension pneumothorax

air leaks out of lung into chest cavity and collapses lung

hemothorax

blood in the chest cavity

flail chest

chest wall becomes unstable and free floating

hernia

internal organs protrudes through abdominal wall

Evisceration

internal organs protrude out (open injury)

type 1

cause is unknown; little to no ability to produce insulin. Juvenile onset requires insulin.

type 2

· doesn't produce or respond to insulin. Controlled by diet, exercise, and meds.