Personality Cards

Define 'Personality' according to the provided source material.

The unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave.

How does 'character' differ from 'temperament' in the study of personality?

Character involves moral and ethical value judgments, while temperament refers to enduring characteristics one is born with.

What is the literal Latin meaning of the term 'persona'?

A mask worn by an actor.

Which bodily humor did Hippocrates associate with the liver?

Yellow bile (Choleric).

According to Hippocrates, black bile (Melancholic) originates from which organ?

The kidneys.

In Hippocrates' theory, which humor is associated with the heart?

Red blood (Sanguine).

Which humor did Hippocrates link to the lungs?

White phlegm (Phlegmatic).

How did Galen describe the personality traits of the 'Choleric' temperament?

Passionate, ambitious, and bold.

According to Galen, which temperament is characterized as reserved, anxious, and unhappy?

Melancholic.

What traits did Galen attribute to the 'Sanguine' temperament?

Joyful, eager, and optimistic.

Galen defined the 'Phlegmatic' temperament with which three characteristics?

Calm, reliable, and thoughtful.

What was the core proposition of Franz Gall's 1780 theory of personality?

The distances between bumps on the skull reveal a person’s personality traits, character, and mental abilities.

Why was Franz Gall’s theory of phrenology eventually discredited?

It lacked empirical support.

Define Freud's 'Conscious' level of the mind.

The level aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions.

In Freud's theory, which level of the mind contains information that is accessible but not currently in active awareness?

Preconscious mind.

How did Freud define the 'Unconscious' mind?

A level where thoughts, feelings, and memories are kept that are not easily or voluntarily accessible.

Which of Freud’s three levels of consciousness did he believe was the most important factor in human behavior?

The unconscious mind.

According to Freud, the 'Id' operates on the _____ principle.

Pleasure.

The Id seeks 'immediate gratification,' which means it desires satisfaction of needs without regard for _____.

Consequences.

Define Freud's 'Superego'.

The part of the personality that serves as the moral center or morality principle.

What is the difference between the 'ego ideal' and the 'conscience' within the Superego?

The ego ideal contains standards for moral behavior, while the conscience produces guilt for unacceptable behavior.

Which structure of personality acts as the 'I' caught in the middle of constant conflict?

The Ego.

On what principle does the 'Ego' operate?

The reality principle.

What is the primary goal of the Ego's 'reality principle'?

To satisfy Id demands in ways that do not result in negative consequences.

Define 'fixation' in the context of Freud's psychosexual stages.

A disorder where a person fails to resolve conflict in a stage, resulting in traits associated with that earlier stage.

What is the erogenous zone and primary conflict of the Oral stage?

The mouth is the zone, and weaning is the primary conflict.

Identify the age range and erogenous zone for the Anal stage.

Occurs between 18 and 36 months; the erogenous zone is the anus.

Contrast 'anal expulsive' and 'anal retentive' personalities.

Anal expulsive involves messiness and hostility, while anal retentive involves being neat, stingy, and stubborn.

In the Phallic stage (ages 3 to 6), what is the primary source of conflict?

The awakening of sexual curiosity.

Define 'castration anxiety' and 'penis envy' as proposed in the Phallic stage.

Castration anxiety is the male fear of losing the penis; penis envy is female jealousy over not having one.

What are the names of the complexes where a child develops sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent?

Oedipus complex (males) and Electra complex (females).

Describe the 'Latency stage' of psychosexual development.

A period from age 6 to puberty where sexual feelings are repressed while the child develops intellectually, physically, and socially.

What occurs during the 'Genital stage' of personality development?

Sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets, leading to adult social and sexual behavior.

What is the primary function of psychological defense mechanisms?

To reduce stress and anxiety by unconsciously distorting one's perception of reality.

Term: Denial

Definition: Refusing to recognize or acknowledge a threatening situation.

Concept: Repression

Definition: Pushing threatening or conflicting events out of conscious memory.

Identify the defense mechanism: Logan tells a police officer speeding was acceptable because they were just 'keeping up with traffic'.

Rationalization.

Identify the defense mechanism: Elsa accuses her partner of infidelity because she herself has been unfaithful.

Projection.

Identify the defense mechanism: Luftbuod holds negative prejudices but acts excessively open-minded toward other religions.

Reaction formation.

Identify the defense mechanism: River is angry at a supervisor but leaves a scathing review of a restaurant instead.

Displacement.

Identify the defense mechanism: Malik, age four, starts wetting the bed after his parents bring home a new baby.

Regression.

Identify the defense mechanism: Danae copies the style and moves of a popular pickleball player to deal with anxiety.

Identification.

Identify the defense mechanism: Ethan is poor at athletics so he focuses all his energy on becoming a top scholar.

Compensation (substitution).

Identify the defense mechanism: Luisa turns her aggressive urges into becoming a professional mixed martial arts fighter.

Sublimation.

Which Freudian concepts have been supported by current research?

Defense mechanisms and the concept of an unconscious mind influencing behavior.

What is a major scientific critique regarding Freud’s interpretation of dreams and free association?

These concepts cannot be scientifically tested.

A limitation of Freud’s theory is its basis primarily on which demographic?

Wealthy Austrian women.

How did Neo-Freudians generally differ from Freud regarding the drivers of personality?

They placed less emphasis on sex and more on the social environment and effects of culture.

What did Alfred Adler propose was the driving force behind human endeavors?

Seeking superiority and compensating for feelings of inferiority.

Define Adler's 'inferiority complex'.

A person’s feelings that they lack worth and do not measure up to the standards of others or society.

According to Adler’s birth order theory, why do 'firstborn' children often become overachievers?

They feel inferior to younger children who receive attention and strive to compensate.

How does Adler describe the personality tendency of 'middle children'?

They feel superior to dethroned older children and tend to be very competitive.

Does current evidence support Adler’s birth order theory as a significant impact on personality?

No, evidence suggests birth order has very little to no significant impact.

What concept did Karen Horney use to replace Freud's 'penis envy'?

Womb envy.

Horney defined 'basic anxiety' as the anxiety created by _____.

Being born into a bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults.

Define Horney's 'neurotic personalities'.

Personalities characterized by maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships.

What was Walter Mischel’s finding regarding behavioral consistency across different situations?

Behavior is inconsistent across different situations but more consistent within equivalent situations over time.

What was the 'person-situation debate' triggered by?

Data showing that personality traits are not consistent across different types of situations.

What is the primary focus of the Humanistic Perspective in personality psychology?

How healthy people develop.

Which historical figures did Abraham Maslow study to identify the characteristics of healthy people?

Albert Einstein, Eleanor Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln.

List four traits shared by 'self-actualized' individuals according to Maslow.

Open, creative, loving, spontaneous, compassionate, or accepting of self.

How did Carl Rogers define the 'ideal self' and the 'real self'?

The ideal self is the person you would like to be; the real self is the person you actually are.

In Rogers' theory, what is 'congruence'?

The state where thoughts about the ideal self and real self are very similar.

What are the psychological consequences of high 'incongruence' between the real and ideal self?

Maladjustment and increased risk for psychological disorders.

What are the five levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs from bottom to top?

Physiological, Safety, Love and belonging, Esteem, and Self-actualization.

Define the 'Openness' factor of the Big Five model.

A person's willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences.

What traits characterize a high scorer in 'Conscientiousness'?

Organized, reliable, neat, ambitious, and hard working.

Define 'Extraversion' in the Five-Factor Model.

One’s need to be with other people.

What emotional style describes a high scorer in 'Agreeableness'?

Good-natured, trusting, helpful, and empathetic.

Define 'Neuroticism' as a personality trait.

The degree of emotional instability or stability.

How is a low scorer in 'Openness' described?

Practical, conventional, down-to-earth, and resistant to change.

What are the characteristics of a low scorer in 'Conscientiousness'?

Impulsive, unreliable, lazy, and careless.

How is a low scorer in 'Extraversion' (an introvert) described?

Reserved, quiet, comfortable being alone, and stays in the background.

What traits characterize a low scorer in 'Agreeableness'?

Suspicious, uncooperative, irritable, aggressive, and competitive.

Describe a low scorer in 'Neuroticism'.

Calm, even-tempered, secure, relaxed, and stable.

Define 'trait-situation interaction'.

The assumption that the particular circumstances of a situation influence how a trait is expressed.

Has cross-cultural research found support for the Five-Factor Model?

Yes, it has been supported in all primary cultural regions.

What are 'self-report inventories' in personality assessment?

Objective tests, often using Likert scales or multiple-choice, to assess personality.

What is the newest version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

MMPI-2-RF.

How many clinical scales are measured by the MMPI?

Ten.

List three clinical scales measured by the MMPI.

Hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviance, paranoia, or schizophrenia.

Define 'projective tests' in personality assessment.

Assessments that present ambiguous stimuli to a client and ask for their spontaneous responses.

How many inkblots are used in the Rorschach test?

Ten.

What stimuli are used in the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

Twenty pictures of people in ambiguous situations.

According to the source, why might personality testing be used in criminal cases?

To screen for psychological disorders or determine legal outcomes.