Immunity in the fetus and newborn (I'm just a baaaaby)

true!!!

True/false: The placenta and fetus is an immunologically protected environment

physical barrier against pathogens

The placenta's structural integrity serves as what?

fetal tolerance

_______: The primary goal at the maternal-fetal interface is to prevent the mother's immune system from rejecting the genetically distinct fetus.

the fetus is genetically distinct (foreign to mom)

why do we need fetal tolerance? Why would the mothers immune system potentially reject a fetus?

cytotoxic adaptive immune system

the placenta actively suppresses the mother's ______________________________________, which normally attacks foreign cells

at the maternal-fetal interface

when pregnant, a system of regulatory immune responses is promoted where?

fosters tolerance and preventing inflammation

The enhanced regulatory immunity at the maternal-fetal interface causes what two reactions?

bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)

What example were we given of a virus where the outcome of infection is based on the immune system development?

abortions

tolerance and persistent infections (reservoir)

malformations

normal calf

What happens to the calf if a cow is infected with BVDV between 0-50 days?

What about 25-125?

100-175 (ish)?

150- birth?

persistant infection

________: a state where the host does not recognize the virus as a foreign antigen.

the immune response doesn't occur (cus its not recognized as foreign)

Why does the virus continue to replicate in the host in persistent infections?

reservoir

Persistently infected animals serve as a ____________ of infection

syncytiotrophoblast

what layer between mother and fetus is a crucial interface that resists cytotoxicity

antigen sink, absorbs antibodies that would otherwise attack the fetus

what in the fetal placenta absorbs the excess antigens between mother and fetus and why?

maternal blood in intervillous space

In Haemochorial placentas, the synctiotrophoblast layer is interdigitated with what to allow materanal blood to bathe the system?

this allows antibody transfer in utero

Why in haemochorial placentas does the maternal blood bathe the fetal placenta?

heamochorial

which placentation transfers the most maternal antibodies in utero and has maternal blood in contact with fetal chorion?

endothelialchorial

Which type of placenta has the moms endothelium touching the baby's chorion allowing a small amount of IgG transfer

syndesmochorial, epitheliochorial

which types of placenta does not allow any transfer of IgG in utero

rats, primates

examples of hemochorial placenta

dogs, cats

examples of endothelialchorial placenta

horse, cow, pig, marine mammals

examples of epitheliochorial placentas (and maybe syndesmothelial)

blood in ovary, yolk, bloodstream

IgY is found where in the mother bird?

And is found in what portion of the egg?

Where is it absorbed in the baby bird?

locally secreted in oviduct, in albumin, ingested by chick and protects intestine

IgA is found where in the mother bird?

And is found in what portion of the egg?

How is it absorbed in the baby bird?

colostrum

the first secretion from the mammary glands after giving birth, rich in antibodies

false; colostrum is NOT milk

true/false: colostrum is a specialized milk... but is still just milk

serum

the antibody concentration of colostrum more closely reflects _________ than milk.

true

true/false: antibodies ARE present in milk, just at a way lower concentration than colostrum

90-10,

10-90

0-100%

super generally:

What is the ratio of transplacental antibodies to antibodies from colostrum in hemochorial placentas....

In endotheliochroial?

Epitheliochorial?

it bottoms out after a few hours

How does time affect the baby's ability to absorb colostrum?

the brambell receptor (FcRn)

what is the specialized mechanism that transfers the colostrum;s antibodies into the neonate bloodstream?

Binds to IgG in acidic enviro (gut/intestine), transfers the antibodies to the basal side of the cell, releases IgG in more basic enviro (neonate bloodstream)

How does the brambell receptor work?

no. The brambell receptor in the baby is what vanishes after several hours. So they can keep drinking antibodies! But theres nothing to transfer them to the bloodstream anymore.

So... the calf was born and was rejected by mom and got no colostrum... Even though it's been many hours, can I just give colostrum replacement or pooled colostrum from another cow?

passive immunity

short-term immunity which results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal

active immunity

immunity which results from the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen

Breed, First lactation, Dam's disease history, Volume of colostrum produced., Seasonality, Environmental conditions.

List at least 3 factors that can affect the IgG levels in colostrum

50

Colostrum containing ______ mg/mL or more of IgG is considered to be a high-quality.

failure passive transfer

_______________ occurs when newborn foals/calves do not receive enough maternal antibodies from colostrum. Leads to compromised immune system and increased risk of fatal infections

production failure

type of failure passive transfer where low-quality colostrum is given to calf or colostrum is lost before birth

ingestion failure

type of failure passive transfer where the issues lay with the newborn's ability to nurse effectively

absorption failure

type of failure passive transfer where the issues stem from a newborn receiving colostrum too late or from neonatal rejection by the mother

true

true/false: there is a snap test to help determine how successful passive transfer of antibodies was