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Algorithm
problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions
analytical intelligence
aligned with academic problem solving and computations
anchoring bias
faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution
artificial concept
concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics
availability heuristic
faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you
cognition
thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory
cognitive psychology
field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think
cognitive script
set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event schema
concept
category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences
confirmation bias
faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs
convergent thinking
providing correct or established answers to problems
creative intelligence
ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem
creativity
ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities
crystallized intelligence
characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it
cultural intelligence
ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture
divergent thinking
ability to think "outside the box" to arrive at novel solutions to a problem
dyscalculia
learning disability that causes difficulty in learning or comprehending mathematics
dysgraphia
learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly
dyslexia
common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain
emotional intelligence
ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others
event schema
set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script
fluid intelligence
ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
Flynn effect
observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation
functional fixedness
inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended
grammar
set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of a lexicon
heuristic
mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem
hindsight bias
belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't
intelligence quotient
(also, IQ) score on a test designed to measure intelligence
language
communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another
lexicon
the words of a given language
mental set
continually using an old solution to a problem without results
morpheme
smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning
multiple intelligence theory
Gardner's theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence
natural concept
mental groupings that are created "naturally" through your experiences
norming
administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups
overgeneralization
extension of a rule that exists in a given language to an exception to the rule
phoneme
basic sound unit of a given language
practical intelligence
aka "street smarts"
problem solving strategy
method for solving problems
prototype
best representation of a concept
range of reaction
each person's response to the environment is unique based on their genetic make-up
representative bias
faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment
representative sample
subset of the population that accurately represents the general population
role schema
set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role
schema
(plural = schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts
semantics
process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words
standard deviation
measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean
standardization
method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent
syntax
manner by which words are organized into sentences
trial and error
problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found
triachric theory of intelligence
Sternberg's theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical
working backwards
heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result
absentmindedness
lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else
acoustic encoding
input of sounds, words, and music
amnesia
loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma
anterograde amnesia
loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma
arousal theory
strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories
Atkinson-Shiffrin model
memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
automatic processing
encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words
bias
how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events
blocking
memory error in which you cannot access stored information
chunking
organizing information into manageable bits or chunks
construction
formulation of new memories
declarative memory
type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience
effortful processing
encoding of information that takes effort and attention
elaborative rehearsal
thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
encoding
input of information into the memory system
engram
physical trace of memory
episodic memory
type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory
equipotentiality hypothesis
some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories
explicit memory
memories we consciously try to remember and recall
false memory syndrome
recall of false autobiographical memories
flashbulb memory
exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
forgetting
loss of information from long-term memory
implicit memory
memories that are not part of our consciousness
levels of processing
information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory
long term memory
continuous storage of information
memory
set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time
memory enhancing strategy
technique to help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory
misattribution
memory error in which you confuse the source of your information
misinformation effect paradigm
after exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember the original event
mnemonic device
memory aids that help organize information for encoding
persistence
failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones
proactive interference
old information hinders the recall of newly learned information
procedural memory
type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim
recall
accessing information without cues
recognition
identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue
reconstruction
process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information
rehearsal
repetition of information to be remembered
relearning
learning information that was previously learned
retrieval
act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness
retroactive interference
information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma
self reference effect
tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance
semantic encoding
input of words and their meaning
semantic memory
type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
sensory memory
storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes
short term memory
holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used
storage
creation of a permanent record of information
suggestibility
effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories
