Cerebral Cortex (Ch. 5: Neuroanatomy)

rostral means…

towards the head

caudal means…

towards the tail

ipsilateral means…

same side

contralateral means…

opposite side

unilateral means…

one side

bilateral means…

both sides

medial means…

closer to the midline

lateral means…

away from the midline

the CNS is composed of… (2)

the brain and the spinal cord

the PNS is composed of… (3)

31 pairs of spinal nerves, 12 pairs of cranial nerves, & peripheral autonomic and sensory ganglia

what are the 4 major divisions of the CNS?

cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

what 3 things make up the diencephalon?

thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus

what 3 things make up the brainstem?

midbrain, pons, medulla

the cerebral hemispheres are also known as what? (2)

telencephalon, endbrain

label the major divisions of the brain

1: cerebral hemisphere

2: diencephalon

3: cerebellum

4: brainstem

the cerebral cortex is the ____. it is responsible for…..

surface of the brain. responsible for the planning and execution of actions & interpretation and moderation of sensation

the cerebral cortex is divided into __ lobes. name them

4. frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

which hemisphere is most responsible for speech?

left

the frontal lobe is responsible for….

higher thinking, executive function and motor planning. center for consciousness

Broca’s area is found in what lobe? What Broadmann number?

frontal. 44 and 45

Broca’s aphasia results in ____ speech production but _____ auditory comprehension

impaired speech, preserved comprehension

the temporal lobe in responsible for…

auditory processing and comprehension

Wernicke’s area is found in what lobe? What Broadmann number is it?

temporal. 22

Wernicke’s aphasia results in ____ speech production but _____ auditory comprehension

fluent speech, impaired comprehension

the parietal lobe is responsible for…

most sensory info

the occipital lobe is responsible for…

visual processing, including reading and writing

label the 4 lobes of the cerebral hemisphere

1: frontal

2: parietal

3: temporal

4: occipital

what is the 5th lobe called? what is it responsible for?

the limbic lobe. responsible for sensory and motor functions. related to speech/language but not well understood

sulci are….

the grooves or valleys

really deep sulci are called….

fissures

gyri are….

ridges or bumps

label

A: sulcus

B: gyrus

the medial/longitudinal fissure does what?

separates the brain into left and right hemispheres

what does the central sulcus do?

separates the frontal and parietal lobes

what does the lateral sulcus do? what is it known as?

separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes. aka sylvian fissure

what are the perisylvian regions? what are they responsible for?

fibers running throughout the lobes around the sylvian fissure. important for language comprehension and production

the preoccipital notch does what?

separates the occipital lobe from the temporal lobe

the superior temporal gyrus does what? where is it located?

contains primary auditory cortex and wernicke’s area. associated more closely with language input than language output. directly below the lateral sulcus

what does the precentral gyrus do? where is it located?

primary motor cortex - controls body movement. located anterior to the central sulcus

what does the postcentral gyrus do? where is it located?

primary sensory cortex - process bodily sensations. located posterior to central sulcus

what does heschl’s gyrus do? where is it found?

responsible for the reception of auditory stimuli including frequency, location, intensity. found in primary auditory cortex (broadmann 41 & 42)

label

A: broca’s area

B: supramarginal gyrus

C: angular gyrus

D: wernicke’s area

E: heschl’s gyrus

what does the cingulate gyrus do? where is it found?

limbic lobe - involved in emotional processing and behavior regulation. arc shaped structure lying above the corpus callosum

label the part

cingulate gyrus

what are the functions of the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri?

critical for higher cognitive functions, like judgement, planning, decision making, executive function, reasoning

the inferior frontal gyrus includes what important area for speech?

Broca’s area

what is the function of the supramarginal gyrus? where is it located?

broad range of language formulation including semantic and phonologic processing. curves around the end of the lateral sulcus

what is the function of the angular gyrus? where is it located?

semantic processing, repetition, metaphor comprehension. located posterior to the supramarginal gyrus

label

1: precentral gyrus

2: central sulcus

3: postcentral gyrus

4: supramarginal gyrus

5: angular gyrus

6: pre-occipital notch

7: lateral sulcus

8: heschl’s/transverse gyrus

9: superior temporal gyrus

10: inferior frontal gyrus

11: middle frontal gyrus

12: superior frontal gyrus

13: medial/longitudinal fissure

A: broca’s area

B: wernicke’s area