RDL2-All-PPTs no examples

________ ● The highest level of measurement that has all the characteristics of the interval plus a true zero point.

Ratio Variable

________ ● Validity- how well the conceptual and operational definitions mesh with each other.

Attributes of Measures

Project can be used to generalize concepts more widely, ________ results, or investigate causal relationship.

predict future

________ are concerned with the development, testing, and evaluation of research instruments and methods.

METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES Methodological studies

________- a more sophisticated research paper especially written in partial fulfillment of the requirements in doctoral degree.

● Dissertation

________: category of persons within society ● operational- the meaning of the concept or term as used in particular study; e.g.

Middle class

Control- Control is for ________.

elimination of bias

________ or Categorical Variable These are variables whose data are non- numeric and whose observation vary in kind but not in degree.

Qualitative Variable

________ To survey means,"to look at or examine "It involves "an observation or an overview.

SURVEY STUDIES

________ is collected by observation since it does not consider the cause and effect for example, the relationship between the amount of physical activity done and student academic achievement.

Data

________ or Continuous Variable These are variables whose data are counts or numerical measurements and whose observations vary in magnitude.

Quantitative Variable

● Quantifies the strength or relationship between the variables (not cause and effect) +ve or- ve ________ determined.

direct relationships

● Variable- a characteristics or ________ or objects which can take different values (age, income, rating) ○ Independent variable- existing variables manipulated by the researcher which are the perceived causes of a phenomenon.

attribute of persons

________: ● provide the conditions beyond control of the researcher; ● they are made known because they may place restraint in writing conclusions and applications to other situations; ● these could be on the definition of terms, selection and maturation of the respondents, policies, etc.

Delimitation

________ examine the differences between two groups on some dependent variable of interest.

COMPARATIVE STUDIES Comparative studies

RESEARCH & DAILY ________- Participants being assigned to either receive (experimental group) or not receive (control group), the treatment condition or intervention (IV)

LIFE Randomization

are discussed to provide examples of how not to do research

PRE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Pre experimental design

temperature, IQ level 2.4

Examples

books, journal articles, conference proceedings, government or corporate reports, theses, dissertations, internet materials, CD-ROMS and magazines

● Materials to be reviewed are

● notice this organizational signposting example where previous research is grouped according to studies differentiated by methodology

● The organization of the information via conceptual, methodological, theoretical or philosophical differences or similarities in the literature that you noted during the review of the literature can be made clearly visible by presenting those concepts in paragraph beginnings, making them obvious to the reader

How do things work

● Answer fundamental questions

introduction, Review of Related Literature and Studies and Methods and Procedures

It contains three chapters

a formal and lengthy research paper especially written in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a masters degree

● Thesis

a more sophisticated research paper especially written in partial fulfillment of the requirements in doctoral degree

● Dissertation

measured responses which are the effects of other variables

○ dependent variable

Begin writing those parts that you are most comfortable with, then move to the other sections that you could readily fill

Hints in Research Writing (Sicat, 2009) ● Focus on your research; ● Conduct an extensive literature review; ● Review well organized researches in the institution where you are enrolled; ● Begin writing those parts you can handle

prepare a list of keywords that you will use in your research and then in writing your paper you should use this set of key words throughout

Set off with what interests you, start writing and keep on the fire while it is burning; ● Research writing should be clear and unambiguous

what are you going to do before starting the first draft

Make your outline

start straight away with your variable

It will be easier for you to fill the outline than to think of the whole paper; ● Stay focused

each sentence should contribute to the development of your concepts

Do not open with broad topics or general ideas; ● Use noteworthy statements

revise your introduction once you have completed the paper

Give the readers an idea of where you are going so they can follow along; ● Use quotations that lend authority to your work-quote values figures to establish background information in a paper for the readers perceive the information as reliable; ● Revise

ask a peer or senior to read your introduction and tell you what he expects the paper will discuss and what kind of evidence the paper will use

Reread the introduction to check whether the complete research is consistent with it; ● How to check your draft

○ What is the study about

Try to respond to obvious questions in the minds of the readers

● Is there a relationship between the admission examination score in Mathematics and final examination score in College Algebra

Statement of the Problem ● gives the problems to be answered; ● it should be stated precisely, accurately and clearly; ● can be stated either in the declarative or interrogative form; ● Can be either one main statement/question, or any combination of these form; ● should be defined in terms of the data that can be obtained; Example

(based from the given problem) ● To determine if there is significant relationship between the admission examination score in Mathematics and final examination score in College Algebra

Example

● Null hypothesis Ho (commonly, that the observations are the result of pure chance)

; Two types of hypotheses

● defines the limits of the study in terms of the area or locality, population or sample, sampling design and the duration or period of the study; ● the nature of the variables as they are declared in the statement of the findings and the treatments they received should be stated

Importance of the Study (Sicat, 2009) ● reveals intellectual merit of the proposed study; ● how the study shall advance knowledge and understanding, pressing reason why this study needs to be conducted; ● indicate broader impacts; ● dissemination of the study to the broadest possible audience and the benefit of the bigger society from the study Scope and Delimitation of the Study (Sicat, 2009) Scope

● provide the conditions beyond control of the researcher; ● they are made known because they may place restraint in writing conclusions and applications to other situations; ● these could be on the definition of terms, selection and maturation of the respondents, policies, etc

Delimitation

● establishes the rules and procedures the investigator will use to measure the variables ● provides unambiguous meaning to terms that can be otherwise can be interpreted in different ways

Any limitation that might influence the results should be mentioned (Drake, 2005) Definition of Terms It serves two essential functions

● conceptual -the dictionary, which a reference book of everyday language; e.g

Two major types

a group of persons whose average monthly income is Php 20,000-34,000 ● clearer definition includes conceptual and operational

middle class

the samples or groups, measures, treatments, and methods of assignment

● it provides the glue that holds the research project together; ● used to structure the research, to show how all of the major parts of the research project

process of thinking through meaning of construct

General Methodology Quantitative ● Test Hypothesis ● Expressed in numbers ● Larger sample size ● math/statistical analysis Qualitative ● Formulate hypothesis ● Expressed in words ● Smaller sample size ● Summarize, categorize, interpret Ways to Select Topics in Quantitative Research ● Personal Experience ● Curiosity ● State of knowledge in the field ● Solving problems ● Social premiums ● Personal values ● Everyday life Techniques for Narrowing a Topic into a Research Question ● Examine the Literature ● Talk over with others ● Apply to specific context ● Define the aim of desired outcome of the study Steps in Quantitative Measurements ● Conceptualization

apply statistical principles and procedures to extract essential information from the data collected

● Data Analysis

how well the conceptual and operational definitions mesh with each other

Attributes of Measures ● Validity